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What causes tuberculosis in humans? In the late 19th century, the German microbiologist Robert Koch thought the answer was unambiguous: the tubercle bacillus, which he discovered in 1882. Since then, Koch's laboratory model of the transmission of infectious disease, subsequently articulated in eponymous postulates, has dominated explanations of the causes of infectious diseases. Nonetheless, as early as the 1890s, some physicians expressed doubt about the adequacy of any laboratory model for explaining the vagaries of communicable disease in humans. For example, during a debate in 1894 on the advisability of public registration of persons with tuberculosis, William Osler observed that
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