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Russia has undergone a series of enormous social experiments in the past two decades. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the concepts of glasnost and perestroika to the Soviet Union, a monolithic state that was under rigid central control and surrounded by secrecy. Six years later, in the wake of an attempted coup, the Soviet Union was no more. An independent Russia, divested of its colonial possessions, experienced a political, social, and economic transition of staggering proportions. The demographic consequences were enormous. By 1994, life expectancy at birth for males had fallen to less than 58 years, which was almost 8
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