Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterizedby the progressive development of airflow limitation that isnot fully reversible.1 The term COPD encompasses chronic obstructivebronchitis, with obstruction of small airways, and emphysema,with enlargement of air spaces and destruction of lung parenchyma,loss of lung elasticity, and closure of small airways. Chronicbronchitis, by contrast, is defined by the presence of a productivecough of more than three months' duration for more than twosuccessive years. The cough is due to hypersecretion of mucusand is not necessarily accompanied by airflow limitation. However,there is some epidemiologic evidence that . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Epidemiology
Molecular Genetics
Risk Factors
Inflammation
Inflammatory Cells and Mediators
Protease–Antiprotease Imbalance
Oxidative Stress
Systemic Effects
Amplifying Mechanisms
Acute Exacerbations
Advances in Drug Therapy
Antismoking Measures
New Bronchodilators
Antibiotics
Oxygen
Corticosteroids
Nonpharmacologic Treatments
Noninvasive Ventilation
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Lung-Volume–Reduction Surgery
New Treatments
Mediator Antagonists
Protease Inhibitors
New Antiinflammatory Drugs
Drug Delivery
Future Developments
Source Information
From the Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London.
Address reprint requests to Professor Barnes at the Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse St., London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom, or at p.j.barnes@ic.ac.uk.
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