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Previous Volume 345:991-993 September 27, 2001 Number 13 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

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At the turn of the last century, William Osler, Harvey Cushing, and other clinical leaders restructured hospital organization, established scientific research as the foundation for clinical practice, formalized clinical education, and set and enforced high ethical and personal standards of performance among physicians and nurses. Their era marked a turning point in health care delivery. Prior to 1900, seeking a physician's help for a serious illness did little to change the course of the disease,¹ but since that time life expectancy in the United States has almost doubled. A child born in the United States in 1998 can expect to . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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