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Previous Volume 345:1400-1408 November 8, 2001 Number 19 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

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Human reproduction entails a fundamental paradox: although it is critical to the survival of the species, the process is relatively inefficient. Maximal fecundity (the probability of conception during one menstrual cycle) is approximately 30 percent.¹ Only 50 to 60 percent of all conceptions advance beyond 20 weeks of gestation.² Of the pregnancies that are lost, 75 percent represent a failure of implantation and are therefore not clinically recognized as pregnancies.² Failed implantation is also a major limiting factor in assisted reproduction.³ A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for implantation and placentation may improve clinicians' ability to treat disorders . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Normal Implantation

Early Embryonic Development

Uterine Receptivity and Blastocyst Activation

Implantation

Maintenance of Early Pregnancy

Early Pregnancy Loss

Steroid Hormones

Prostaglandins

Regulation of Placental Growth and Differentiation

Immunologic Factors

Clinical Implications and Future Directions

Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology

Complications of Pregnancy

Source Information

From the Divisions of Maternal–Fetal Medicine and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.R.N., D.J.S.); and Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco (S.J.F.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Norwitz at the Division of Maternal–Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, or at enorwitz@partners.org.

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