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Recombinant DNA technology began in the early 1970s, and it completely changed the world of biology and medicine. In essence, this technology allowed one to combine segments of genetic material from essentially any organism, using simple enzymatic reactions in test tubes, and to propagate the resulting recombinant DNA in living organisms such as Escherichia coli and mammalian cells. Recombinant DNA technology is used in virtually every area of biology, and it is hard to imagine the explosion of biologic information that has occurred over the past 30 years without it. Among the numerous practical benefits of recombinant DNA technology are
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