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Previous Volume 345:692-694 August 30, 2001 Number 9 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

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Florence Nightingale raised the question in 1863, when she wrote about the number of deaths in hospitals in England.¹ Codman asked it in 1914.² Moses and Mosteller summed up the problem in a commentary on the National Halothane Study more than 30 years ago: "Real and important differences in death rates do exist. They are not explainable statistically with the data from this study. Explanation will have to rest on medical-social-biological procedural information. Getting the relevant understanding will be difficult."³ Difficult indeed. In the intervening years, researchers have examined various characteristics of hospitals to determine whether they are associated with . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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