FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 349:1157-1167 September 18, 2003 Number 12 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text Purchase this article Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited E-mail When Letters Appear PubMed Citation

Infants and children are far different from adults in terms of societal, psychosocial, behavioral, and medical perspectives. More than 100 years ago Dr. Abraham Jacobi, the father of American pediatrics, recognized the importance of and need for age-appropriate pharmacotherapy when he wrote, "Pediatrics does not deal with miniature men and women, with reduced doses and the same class of disease in smaller bodies, but . . . has its own independent range and horizon."¹ As our knowledge of normal growth and development has increased in the past several decades, so has our recognition that developmental changes profoundly affect the responses . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Absorption of Drugs

Distribution of Drugs

Drug Metabolism

Development of Phase I Enzymes

Development of Phase II Enzymes

Renal Elimination of Drugs

Pharmacodynamics

Age-Specific Dosing Regimens

Conclusions

Source Information

From the Departments of Pediatrics (G.L.K., S.M.A.-R., S.W.A., D.L.B., J.S.L., R.E.K.), Pharmacology (G.L.K., D.L.B., J.S.L., R.E.K.), and Pharmacy Practice (S.M.A.-R.), University of Missouri at Kansas City; and the Divisions of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology (G.L.K., S.M.A.-R., S.W.A., D.L.B., J.S.L., R.E.K.), Emergency Medicine (S.W.A.), and Nephrology (D.L.B.), Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics — both in Kansas City, Mo.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Kearns at the Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, 2401 Gillham Rd., Kansas City, MO 64108, or at gkearns@cmh.edu.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Zhu, H.-J., Appel, D. I., Jiang, Y., Markowitz, J. S. (2009). Age- and Sex-Related Expression and Activity of Carboxylesterase 1 and 2 in Mouse and Human Liver. Drug Metab. Dispos. 37: 1819-1825 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Laer, S., Barrett, J. S., Meibohm, B. (2009). The In Silico Child: Using Simulation to Guide Pediatric Drug Development and Manage Pediatric Pharmacotherapy. J Clin Pharmacol 49: 889-904 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Allegaert, K., Vancraeynest, J., Rayyan, M., de Hoon, J., Cossey, V., Naulaers, G., Verbesselt, R. (2008). Urinary propofol metabolites in early life after single intravenous bolus. Br J Anaesth 101: 827-831 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pasquali, S. K., Hall, M., Slonim, A. D., Jenkins, K. J., Marino, B. S., Cohen, M. S., Shah, S. S. (2008). Off-Label Use of Cardiovascular Medications in Children Hospitalized With Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 1: 74-83 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kearns, G. L., Blumer, J., Schexnayder, S., James, L. P., Adcock, K. G., Reed, M. D., Daniel, J. F., Gaedigk, A., Paul, J. (2008). Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Oral and Intravenous Pantoprazole in Children and Adolescents. J Clin Pharmacol 48: 1356-1365 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Neely, M., Jelliffe, R. (2008). Practical Therapeutic Drug Management in HIV-Infected Patients: Use of Population Pharmacokinetic Models Supplemented by Individualized Bayesian Dose Optimization. J Clin Pharmacol 48: 1081-1091 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vohra, S., Johnston, B. C., Laycock, K. L., Midodzi, W. K., Dhunnoo, I., Harris, E., Baydala, L. (2008). Safety and Tolerability of North American Ginseng Extract in the Treatment of Pediatric Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: A Phase II Randomized, Controlled Trial of 2 Dosing Schedules. Pediatrics 122: e402-e410 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Neville, K. A., Szefler, S. J., Abdel-Rahman, S. M., Lahu, G., Zech, K., Herzog, R., Bethke, T. D., Gleason, M. C., Kearns, G. L. (2008). Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Roflumilast in Children and Adolescents. J Clin Pharmacol 48: 978-985 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Allegaert, K., van den Anker, J. N., de Hoon, J. N., van Schaik, R. H. N., Debeer, A., Tibboel, D., Naulaers, G., Anderson, B. J. (2008). Covariates of tramadol disposition in the first months of life. Br J Anaesth 100: 525-532 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kearns, G. L., Lu, S., Maganti, L., Li, X., Migoya, E., Ahmed, T., Knorr, B., Reiss, T. F. (2008). Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Montelukast Oral Granules in Children 1 to 3 Months of Age With Bronchiolitis. J Clin Pharmacol 48: 502-511 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rodriguez, W., Selen, A., Avant, D., Chaurasia, C., Crescenzi, T., Gieser, G., Di Giacinto, J., Huang, S.-M., Lee, P., Mathis, L., Murphy, D., Murphy, S., Roberts, R., Sachs, H. C., Suarez, S., Tandon, V., Uppoor, R. S. (2008). Improving Pediatric Dosing Through Pediatric Initiatives: What We Have Learned. Pediatrics 121: 530-539 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kiser, J. J., Fletcher, C. V., Flynn, P. M., Cunningham, C. K., Wilson, C. M., Kapogiannis, B. G., Major-Wilson, H., Viani, R. M., Liu, N. X., Muenz, L. R., Harris, D. R., Havens, P. L., and the Adolescent Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Int, (2008). Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral Regimens Containing Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Atazanavir-Ritonavir in Adolescents and Young Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 631-637 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Allegaert, K., Peeters, M. Y., Verbesselt, R., Tibboel, D., Naulaers, G., de Hoon, J. N., Knibbe, C. A. (2007). Inter-individual variability in propofol pharmacokinetics in preterm and term neonates. Br J Anaesth 99: 864-870 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Muller, A. E., DeJongh, J., Bult, Y., Goessens, W. H. F., Mouton, J. W., Danhof, M., van den Anker, J. N. (2007). Pharmacokinetics of Penicillin G in Infants with a Gestational Age of Less than 32 Weeks. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 3720-3725 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van den Anker, J. N. (2007). Timing of Dose-Finding Studies: Before or After Completion of a Randomized Clinical Trial?. Pediatrics 120: 691-692 [Full Text]  
• Lam, W., Tjon, J., Seto, W., Dekker, A., Wong, C., Atenafu, E., Bitnun, A., Waters, V., Yau, Y., Solomon, M., Ratjen, F. (2007). Pharmacokinetic modelling of a once-daily dosing regimen for intravenous tobramycin in paediatric cystic fibrosis patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 59: 1135-1140 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Paradisis, M., Jiang, X., McLachlan, A. J, Evans, N., Kluckow, M., Osborn, D. (2007). Population pharmacokinetics and dosing regimen design of milrinone in preterm infants. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 92: F204-F209 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jullien, V., Urien, S., Hirt, D., Delaugerre, C., Rey, E., Teglas, J.-P., Vaz, P., Rouzioux, C., Chaix, M.-L., Macassa, E., Firtion, G., Pons, G., Blanche, S., Treluyer, J.-M. (2006). Population Analysis of Weight-, Age-, and Sex-Related Differences in the Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir in Children from Birth to 18 Years. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 3548-3555 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Meletiadis, J., Chanock, S., Walsh, T. J. (2006). Human Pharmacogenomic Variations and Their Implications for Antifungal Efficacy. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19: 763-787 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Patrick, P. D., Blackman, J. A., Mabry, J. L., Buck, M. L., Gurka, M. J., Conaway, M. R. (2006). Dopamine Agonist Therapy in Low-Response Children Following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Child Neurol 21: 879-885 [Abstract]  
• Osterberg, O., Savic, R. M., Karlsson, M. O., Simonsson, U. S. H., Norgaard, J. P., Walle, J. V., Agerso, H. (2006). Pharmacokinetics of desmopressin administrated as an oral lyophilisate dosage form in children with primary nocturnal enuresis and healthy adults.. J Clin Pharmacol 46: 1204-1211 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Flynn, J. T., Nahata, M. C., Mahan, J. D. Jr, Portman, R. J., for the PATH-2 Investigators, (2006). Population pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in hypertensive children and adolescents.. J Clin Pharmacol 46: 905-916 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pearce, R. E., Leeder, J. S., Kearns, G. L. (2006). BIOTRANSFORMATION OF FLUTICASONE: IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION. Drug Metab. Dispos. 34: 1035-1040 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Knorr, B., Maganti, L., Ramakrishnan, R., Tozzi, C. A., Migoya, E., Kearns, G. (2006). Pharmacokinetics and safety of montelukast in children aged 3 to 6 months.. J Clin Pharmacol 46: 620-627 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Laer, S., Elshoff, J.-P., Meibohm, B., Weil, J., Mir, T. S., Zhang, W., Hulpke-Wette, M. (2005). Development of a Safe and Effective Pediatric Dosing Regimen for Sotalol Based on Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Children With Supraventricular Tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 46: 1322-1330 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Beggs, S A, Cranswick, N E, Reed, M D (2005). Improving drug use for children in the developing world. Arch. Dis. Child. 90: 1091-1093 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tetelbaum, M., Finkelstein, Y., Nava-Ocampo, A. A., Koren, G. (2005). Back to Basics: Understanding Drugs in Children: Pharmacokinetic Maturation. Pediatr. Rev. 26: 321-328 [Full Text]  
• Ladas, E. J., Sacks, N., Meacham, L., Henry, D., Enriquez, L., Lowry, G., Hawkes, R., Dadd, G., Rogers, P. (2005). A Multidisciplinary Review of Nutrition Considerations in the Pediatric Oncology Population: A Perspective From Children's Oncology Group. Nutr Clin Pract 20: 377-393 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Moses-Kolko, E. L., Bogen, D., Perel, J., Bregar, A., Uhl, K., Levin, B., Wisner, K. L. (2005). Neonatal Signs After Late In Utero Exposure to Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Literature Review and Implications for Clinical Applications. JAMA 293: 2372-2383 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jullien, V., Urien, S., Chappuy, H., Dimet, J., Rey, E., Pons, G., Blanche, S., Treluyer, J.-M. (2005). Abacavir Pharmacokinetics in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children Ranging in Age From 1 Month to 16 Years: A Population Analysis. J Clin Pharmacol 45: 257-264 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chien, S., Wells, T. G., Blumer, J. L., Kearns, G. L., Bradley, J. S., Bocchini, J. A. Jr, Natarajan, J., Maldonado, S., Noel, G. J. (2005). Levofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Children. J Clin Pharmacol 45: 153-160 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kennedy, M. J., Abdel-Rahman, S. M., Kashuba, A. D. M., Leeder, J. S. (2004). Comparison of Various Urine Collection Intervals for Caffeine and Dextromethorphan Phenotyping in Children. J Clin Pharmacol 44: 708-714 [Abstract] [Full Text]