Soon after the introduction of protease inhibitors and nonnucleosidereverse-transcriptase inhibitors for the management of humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, clinicians observedunexpected cardiovascular events among patients receiving thesenew, combination, "highly active" antiretroviral regimens. Angina,myocardial infarction, and stroke were seen in patients whowere relatively young. Providers became suspicious that theseevents were related either to chronic HIV infection, since patientswere surviving for longer periods than they had in the past,or to the new anti-HIV regimens, which are associated with substantialmetabolic abnormalities.
Between 1998 and 2003, several reports appeared to validateclinicians' concerns. The French . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Source Information
From the Division of HIV/AIDS Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (P.S.); and the Critical Care Medicine Department, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (H.M.).
This article has been cited by other articles:
Hsue, P. Y., Squires, K., Bolger, A. F., Capili, B., Mensah, G. A., Temesgen, Z., Wanke, C. A., Wohl, D. A., for Working Group 4,
(2008). Screening and Assessment of Coronary Heart Disease in HIV-Infected Patients. Circulation
118: e41-e47
[Full Text]
Blanco, J. J. R., Garcia, I. S., Cerezo, J. G., de Rivera, J. M. P. S., Anaya, P. M., Raya, P. G., Garcia, J. G., Lopez, J. R. A., Hernandez, F. J. B., Rodriguez, J. J. V.
(2006). Endothelial function in HIV-infected patients with low or mild cardiovascular risk. J Antimicrob Chemother
58: 133-139
[Abstract][Full Text]
Qureshi, A I
(2005). HIV infection and stroke: if not protein S deficiency then what explains the relationship?. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
76: 1331-1331
[Full Text]
Zhou, H., Pandak, W. M. Jr., Lyall, V., Natarajan, R., Hylemon, P. B.
(2005). HIV Protease Inhibitors Activate the Unfolded Protein Response in Macrophages: Implication for Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease. Mol. Pharmacol.
68: 690-700
[Abstract][Full Text]
Latham, V., Stebbing, J., Mandalia, S., Michailidis, C., Davies, E., Bower, M., Gazzard, B., Nelson, M.
(2005). Adherence to trizivir and tenofovir as a simplified salvage regimen is associated with suppression of viraemia and a decreased cholesterol. J Antimicrob Chemother
56: 186-189
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yach, D., Hawkes, C., Gould, C. L., Hofman, K. J.
(2004). The Global Burden of Chronic Diseases: Overcoming Impediments to Prevention and Control. JAMA
291: 2616-2622
[Abstract][Full Text]
(2003). Antiretrovirals Appear to Increase MI Risk. JWatch General
2003: 3-3
[Full Text]