The realization that human cancers express cancer-associatedantigens has stimulated research into the development of immunotherapiesto mediate the regression of established tumors. There are threerequirements for an effective immunotherapy for cancer (Figure 1).A sufficient number of avid tumor-reactive lymphocytes mustbe present in the tumor-bearing host, these lymphocytes mustbe capable of reaching and extravasating at the site of thecancer, and the lymphocytes at the tumor site must have appropriateeffector mechanisms to destroy cancer cells.
View larger version (64K): [in this window]
[in a new window]
Figure 1. Two Approaches to Immunotherapy.
The two main approaches to immunotherapy for cancer are vaccine therapy and cell-transfer therapy. . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Source Information
From the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.
This article has been cited by other articles:
Jandus, C., Bioley, G., Dojcinovic, D., Derre, L., Baitsch, L., Wieckowski, S., Rufer, N., Kwok, W. W., Tiercy, J.-M., Luescher, I. F., Speiser, D. E., Romero, P.
(2009). Tumor Antigen-Specific FOXP3+ CD4 T Cells Identified in Human Metastatic Melanoma: Peptide Vaccination Results in Selective Expansion of Th1-like Counterparts. Cancer Res.
69: 8085-8093
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wells, J. W., Cowled, C. J., Farzaneh, F., Noble, A.
(2008). Combined Triggering of Dendritic Cell Receptors Results in Synergistic Activation and Potent Cytotoxic Immunity. J. Immunol.
181: 3422-3431
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sun, Y., Song, M., Jager, E., Schwer, C., Stevanovic, S., Flindt, S., Karbach, J., Nguyen, X. D., Schadendorf, D., Cichutek, K.
(2008). Human CD4+ T Lymphocytes Recognize a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2-Derived Epitope in Association with HLA-DR. Clin. Cancer Res.
14: 4306-4315
[Abstract][Full Text]
Witz, I. P.
(2008). Yin-Yang Activities and Vicious Cycles in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res.
68: 9-13
[Full Text]
Kato, Y., Yoshimura, K., Shin, T., Verheul, H., Hammers, H., Sanni, T. B., Salumbides, B. C., Van Erp, K., Schulick, R., Pili, R.
(2007). Synergistic In vivo Antitumor Effect of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor MS-275 in Combination with Interleukin 2 in a Murine Model of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.
13: 4538-4546
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hamid, O., Solomon, J. C., Scotland, R., Garcia, M., Sian, S., Ye, W., Groshen, S. L., Weber, J. S.
(2007). Alum with Interleukin-12 Augments Immunity to a Melanoma Peptide Vaccine: Correlation with Time to Relapse in Patients with Resected High-Risk Disease. Clin. Cancer Res.
13: 215-222
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dobrzanski, M. J., Reome, J. B., Hylind, J. C., Rewers-Felkins, K. A.
(2006). CD8-Mediated Type 1 Antitumor Responses Selectively Modulate Endogenous Differentiated and Nondifferentiated T Cell Localization, Activation, and Function in Progressive Breast Cancer. J. Immunol.
177: 8191-8201
[Abstract][Full Text]
Milosevic, S., Behrends, U., Adhikary, D., Mautner, J.
(2006). Identification of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Restricted Antigens and Epitopes of the Epstein-Barr Virus by a Novel Bacterial Expression Cloning Approach.. J. Virol.
80: 10357-10364
[Abstract][Full Text]
Markel, G., Seidman, R., Stern, N., Cohen-Sinai, T., Izhaki, O., Katz, G., Besser, M., Treves, A. J., Blumberg, R. S., Loewenthal, R., Mandelboim, O., Orenstein, A., Schachter, J.
(2006). Inhibition of Human Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Effector Functions by the Homophilic Carcinoembryonic Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Interactions. J. Immunol.
177: 6062-6071
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ezernitchi, A. V., Vaknin, I., Cohen-Daniel, L., Levy, O., Manaster, E., Halabi, A., Pikarsky, E., Shapira, L., Baniyash, M.
(2006). TCR {zeta} Down-Regulation under Chronic Inflammation Is Mediated by Myeloid Suppressor Cells Differentially Distributed between Various Lymphatic Organs. J. Immunol.
177: 4763-4772
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lee, C.-h., Kakinuma, T., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Palmer, D. C., Restifo, N. P., Hwang, S. T.
(2006). Sensitization of B16 tumor cells with a CXCR4 antagonist increases the efficacy of immunotherapy for established lung metastases.. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
5: 2592-2599
[Abstract][Full Text]
Overwijk, W. W., de Visser, K. E., Tirion, F. H., de Jong, L. A., Pols, T. W. H., van der Velden, Y. U., van den Boorn, J. G., Keller, A. M., Buurman, W. A., Theoret, M. R., Blom, B., Restifo, N. P., Kruisbeek, A. M., Kastelein, R. A., Haanen, J. B. A. G.
(2006). Immunological and Antitumor Effects of IL-23 as a Cancer Vaccine Adjuvant. J. Immunol.
176: 5213-5222
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dirkx, A. E. M., oude Egbrink, M. G. A., Castermans, K., van der Schaft, D. W. J., Thijssen, V. L. J. L., Dings, R. P. M., Kwee, L., Mayo, K. H., Wagstaff, J., ter Steege, J. C. A. B., Griffioen, A. W.
(2006). Anti-angiogenesis therapy can overcome endothelial cell anergy and promote leukocyte-endothelium interactions and infiltration in tumors. FASEB J.
20: 621-630
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sun, Y., Stevanovic, S., Song, M., Schwantes, A., Kirkpatrick, C. J., Schadendorf, D., Cichutek, K.
(2006). The kinase insert domain-containing receptor is an angiogenesis-associated antigen recognized by human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Blood
107: 1476-1483
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jaber, S. H., Cowen, E. W., Haworth, L. R., Booher, S. L., Berman, D. M., Rosenberg, S. A., Hwang, S. T.
(2006). Skin Reactions in a Subset of Patients With Stage IV Melanoma Treated With Anti-Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 Monoclonal Antibody as a Single Agent.. Arch Dermatol
142: 166-172
[Abstract][Full Text]
Barrow, C., Browning, J., MacGregor, D., Davis, I. D., Sturrock, S., Jungbluth, A. A., Cebon, J.
(2006). Tumor Antigen Expression in Melanoma Varies According to Antigen and Stage. Clin. Cancer Res.
12: 764-771
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yoshimura, K., Jain, A., Allen, H. E., Laird, L. S., Chia, C. Y., Ravi, S., Brockstedt, D. G., Giedlin, M. A., Bahjat, K. S., Leong, M. L., Slansky, J. E., Cook, D. N., Dubensky, T. W., Pardoll, D. M., Schulick, R. D.
(2006). Selective Targeting of Antitumor Immune Responses with Engineered Live-Attenuated Listeria monocytogenes. Cancer Res.
66: 1096-1104
[Abstract][Full Text]
Acres, B., Gantzer, M., Remy, C., Futin, N., Accart, N., Chaloin, O., Hoebeke, J., Balloul, J.-M., Paul, S.
(2005). Fusokine Interleukin-2/Interleukin-18, a Novel Potent Innate and Adaptive Immune Stimulator with Decreased Toxicity. Cancer Res.
65: 9536-9546
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kotlan, B., Simsa, P., Teillaud, J.-L., Fridman, W. H., Toth, J., McKnight, M., Glassy, M. C.
(2005). Novel Ganglioside Antigen Identified by B Cells in Human Medullary Breast Carcinomas: The Proof of Principle Concerning the Tumor-Infiltrating B Lymphocytes. J. Immunol.
175: 2278-2285
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gribben, J. G., Ryan, D. P., Boyajian, R., Urban, R. G., Hedley, M. L., Beach, K., Nealon, P., Matulonis, U., Campos, S., Gilligan, T. D., Richardson, P. G., Marshall, B., Neuberg, D., Nadler, L. M.
(2005). Unexpected Association between Induction of Immunity to the Universal Tumor Antigen CYP1B1 and Response to Next Therapy. Clin. Cancer Res.
11: 4430-4436
[Abstract][Full Text]
Antony, P. A., Piccirillo, C. A., Akpinarli, A., Finkelstein, S. E., Speiss, P. J., Surman, D. R., Palmer, D. C., Chan, C.-C., Klebanoff, C. A., Overwijk, W. W., Rosenberg, S. A., Restifo, N. P.
(2005). CD8+ T Cell Immunity Against a Tumor/Self-Antigen Is Augmented by CD4+ T Helper Cells and Hindered by Naturally Occurring T Regulatory Cells. J. Immunol.
174: 2591-2601
[Abstract][Full Text]
Holla, V. R., Wang, D., Brown, J. R., Mann, J. R., Katkuri, S., DuBois, R. N.
(2005). Prostaglandin E2 Regulates the Complement Inhibitor CD55/Decay-accelerating Factor in Colorectal Cancer. J. Biol. Chem.
280: 476-483
[Abstract][Full Text]
Agrawal, N., Bettegowda, C., Cheong, I., Geschwind, J.-F., Drake, C. G., Hipkiss, E. L., Tatsumi, M., Dang, L. H., Diaz, L. A. Jr., Pomper, M., Abusedera, M., Wahl, R. L., Kinzler, K. W., Zhou, S., Huso, D. L., Vogelstein, B.
(2004). Bacteriolytic therapy can generate a potent immune response against experimental tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
101: 15172-15177
[Abstract][Full Text]
Steinman, R. M., Mellman, I.
(2004). Immunotherapy: Bewitched, Bothered, and Bewildered No More. Science
305: 197-200
[Abstract][Full Text]
Previous
