The autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes are diverse, and theirdiversity is a characteristic that is both clinically importantand instructive when their basic immunologic features are considered(Table 1).1,2,3,4 These syndromes include monogenic disorders(such as autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I, which hasclassic and characteristic disease associations5) and complexgenetic disorders (such as autoimmune polyendocrine syndrometype II, in which the component diseases are more variable6). Some of the component disorders are common (e.g., thyroidautoimmunity and celiac disease), whereas others are rare (e.g.,Addison's disease and myasthenia gravis). Some of the disordersare usually asymptomatic . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Animal Models of Pathogenesis
Specific Clinical Syndromes
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type I
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type II
X-Linked Polyendocrinopathy, Immune Dysfunction, and Diarrhea
Other Syndromes
Stages in the Development of Autoimmunity with Addison's Disease
Genetic Susceptibility
Triggering of Autoimmunity
Assays for Autoimmune Markers
Progressive Metabolic Abnormalities
Screening Recommendations
Therapy
Source Information
From the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Eisenbarth at the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. Ninth Ave., Box B140, Denver, CO 80262, or at george.eisenbarth@uchsc.edu.
Shoback, D.
(2008). Hypoparathyroidism. NEJM
359: 391-403
[Full Text]
Dittmar, M., Ide, M., Wurm, M., Kahaly, G. J
(2008). Early onset of polyglandular failure is associated with HLA-DRB1*03.. Eur J Endocrinol
159: 55-60
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mehta, S., Wang, T.
(2008). Intermittent ovarian and thyroid failure and spontaneous twin pregnancy. Ann Clin Biochem
45: 331-334
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alimohammadi, M., Bjorklund, P., Hallgren, A., Pontynen, N., Szinnai, G., Shikama, N., Keller, M. P., Ekwall, O., Kinkel, S. A., Husebye, E. S., Gustafsson, J., Rorsman, F., Peltonen, L., Betterle, C., Perheentupa, J., Akerstrom, G., Westin, G., Scott, H. S., Hollander, G. A., Kampe, O.
(2008). Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 and NALP5, a Parathyroid Autoantigen. NEJM
358: 1018-1028
[Abstract][Full Text]
Waldron-Lynch, F., O'Loughlin, A., Dunne, F.
(2008). Review: Gluten and glucose management in type 1 diabetes. British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease
8: 67-71
[Abstract]
Chambers, S A, Charman, S C, Rahman, A, Isenberg, D A
(2007). Development of additional autoimmune diseases in a multiethnic cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with reference to damage and mortality. Ann Rheum Dis
66: 1173-1177
[Abstract][Full Text]
Likhari, T., Magzoub, S., Griffiths, M. J, Buch, H. N, Gama, R
(2007). Screening for Addison's disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and recurrent hypoglycaemia. Postgrad. Med. J.
83: 420-421
[Abstract][Full Text]
Voltarelli, J. C., Couri, C. E. B., Stracieri, A. B. P. L., Oliveira, M. C., Moraes, D. A., Pieroni, F., Coutinho, M., Malmegrim, K. C. R., Foss-Freitas, M. C., Simoes, B. P., Foss, M. C., Squiers, E., Burt, R. K.
(2007). Autologous Nonmyeloablative Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. JAMA
297: 1568-1576
[Abstract][Full Text]
Buzzetti, R., Di Pietro, S., Giaccari, A., Petrone, A., Locatelli, M., Suraci, C., Capizzi, M., Arpi, M. L., Bazzigaluppi, E., Dotta, F., Bosi, E., for the Non Insulin Requiring Autoimmune Diabetes,
(2007). High Titer of Autoantibodies to GAD Identifies a Specific Phenotype of Adult-Onset Autoimmune Diabetes. Diabetes Care
30: 932-938
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hal Scofield, R, Bruner, G. R, Harley, J. B, Namjou, B.
(2007). Autoimmune thyroid disease is associated with a diagnosis of secondary Sjogren's syndrome in familial systemic lupus. Ann Rheum Dis
66: 410-413
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gillespie, K. M.
(2006). Type 1 diabetes: pathogenesis and prevention.. CMAJ
175: 165-170
[Abstract][Full Text]
Garcia-Hernandez, F. J., Ocana-Medina, C., Gonzalez-Leon, R., Garrido-Rasco, R., Sanchez-Roman, J.
(2006). Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome and pulmonary arterial hypertension.. Eur Respir J
27: 657-657
[Full Text]
White, R. D., Harris, G. D.
(2006). "Birds of a Feather Flock Together": Type 1A Diabetes and Other Autoimmune Disease States. Clin. Diabetes
24: 40-43
[Full Text]
Myers, A K, Perroni, L, Costigan, C, Reardon, W
(2006). Clinical and molecular findings in IPEX syndrome. Arch. Dis. Child.
91: 63-64
[Abstract][Full Text]
Patel, R S, Harman, K E, Nichols, C, Burd, R M, Pavord, S
(2006). Acquired haemophilia heralded by bleeding into the oral mucosa in a patient with bullous pemphigoid, rheumatoid arthritis, and vitiligo. Postgrad. Med. J.
82: e3-e3
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lindsay, J. R., Nieman, L. K.
(2005). The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Pregnancy: Challenges in Disease Detection and Treatment. Endocr. Rev.
26: 775-799
[Abstract][Full Text]
Golden, B., Levin, L., Ban, Y., Concepcion, E., Greenberg, D. A., Tomer, Y.
(2005). Genetic Analysis of Families with Autoimmune Diabetes and Thyroiditis: Evidence for Common and Unique Genes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
90: 4904-4911
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schott, M., Scherbaum, W. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., Gottlieb, P.
(2004). Hypoparathyroidism and Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes. NEJM
351: 1032-1033
[Full Text]