This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlightinga common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategiesis then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines,when they exist. The article ends with the author's clinicalrecommendations.
A 42-year-old woman presents with a palpable mass on the leftside of her neck. She has no neck pain and no symptoms of thyroiddysfunction. Physical examination reveals a solitary, mobilethyroid nodule, 2 cm by 3 cm, without lymphadenopathy. The patienthas no family history of thyroid disease and no history of externalirradiation. Which investigations should be performed? Assuming. . . [Full Text of this Article]
The Clinical Problem
Strategies and Evidence
History and Physical Examination
Laboratory Investigations
Imaging of the Thyroid Nodule
Radionuclide Scanning
Ultrasonography
Other Methods
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Treatment of the Solitary Thyroid Nodule
Levothyroxine
Surgery
Radioiodine
Percutaneous Ethanol Injection
Areas of Uncertainty
Guidelines from Professional Societies
Conclusions and Recommendations
Source Information
From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. N Eng J Med 2004;351:1764-71.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Hegedüs at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark, or at laszlo.hegedus@ouh.fyns-amt.dk.
This article has been cited by other articles:
Boelaert, K.
(2009). The association between serum TSH concentration and thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer
16: 1065-1072
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gabalec, F., Cap, J., Ryska, A., Vasatko, T., Ceeova, V.
(2009). Benign fine-needle aspiration cytology of thyroid nodule: to repeat or not to repeat?. Eur J Endocrinol
161: 933-937
[Abstract][Full Text]
Krause, K., Jessnitzer, B., Fuhrer, D.
(2009). Proteomics in Thyroid Tumor Research. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
94: 2717-2724
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hong, Y., Liu, X., Li, Z., Zhang, X., Chen, M., Luo, Z.
(2009). Real-time Ultrasound Elastography in the Differential Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules. J Ultrasound Med
28: 861-867
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pinchot, S. N., Al-Wagih, H., Schaefer, S., Sippel, R., Chen, H.
(2009). Accuracy of Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy for Predicting Neoplasm or Carcinoma in Thyroid Nodules 4 cm or Larger. Arch Surg
144: 649-655
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fast, S., Nielsen, V. E., Bonnema, S. J., Hegedus, L.
(2009). Time to reconsider nonsurgical therapy of benign non-toxic multinodular goitre: focus on recombinant human TSH augmented radioiodine therapy. Eur J Endocrinol
160: 517-528
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ghassi, D, Donato, A
(2009). Evaluation of the thyroid nodule. Postgrad. Med. J.
85: 190-195
[Abstract][Full Text]
Scheuba, C, Kaserer, K, Moritz, A, Drosten, R, Vierhapper, H, Bieglmayer, C, Haas, O A, Niederle, B
(2009). Sporadic hypercalcitoninemia: clinical and therapeutic consequences. Endocr Relat Cancer
16: 243-253
[Abstract][Full Text]
Layfield, L. J., Cibas, E. S., Gharib, H., Mandel, S. J.
(2009). Thyroid Aspiration Cytology: Current Status. CA Cancer J Clin
59: 99-110
[Abstract][Full Text]
Slowinska-Klencka, D., Popowicz, B., Lewinski, A., Sporny, S., Klencki, M.
(2008). The fine-needle aspiration biopsy efficacy of small thyroid nodules in the area of recently normalized iodine supply. Eur J Endocrinol
159: 747-754
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wong-You-Cheong, J.
(2008). Invited Commentary. RadioGraphics
28: 1887-1889
[Full Text]
Brunese, L., Romeo, A., Iorio, S., Napolitano, G., Fucili, S., Zeppa, P., Vallone, G., Lombardi, G., Bellastella, A., Biondi, B., Sodano, A.
(2008). Thyroid B-flow twinkling sign: a new feature of papillary cancer. Eur J Endocrinol
159: 447-451
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brunese, L., Romeo, A., Iorio, S., Napolitano, G., Fucili, S., Biondi, B., Vallone, G., Sodano, A.
(2008). A New Marker for Diagnosis of Thyroid Papillary Cancer: B-Flow Twinkling Sign. J Ultrasound Med
27: 1187-1194
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dighe, M., Bae, U., Richardson, M. L., Dubinsky, T. J., Minoshima, S., Kim, Y.
(2008). Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules with US Elastography Using Carotid Artery Pulsation. Radiology
248: 662-669
[Abstract][Full Text]
Krause, K., Eszlinger, M., Gimm, O., Karger, S., Engelhardt, C., Dralle, H., Fuhrer, D.
(2008). TFF3-Based Candidate Gene Discrimination of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Tumors in a Region with Borderline Iodine Deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
93: 1390-1393
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yeung, M. J., Serpell, J. W.
(2008). Management of the Solitary Thyroid Nodule. The Oncologist
13: 105-112
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cappelli, C, Pirola, I, Castellano, M, Gandossi, E, De Martino, E, Delbarba, A, Agosti, B, Tironi, A, Rosei, E A.
(2007). Fine needle cytology of complex thyroid nodules. Eur J Endocrinol
157: 529-532
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fujarewicz, K., Jarzab, M., Eszlinger, M., Krohn, K., Paschke, R., Oczko-Wojciechowska, M., Wiench, M., Kukulska, A., Jarzab, B., Swierniak, A.
(2007). A multi-gene approach to differentiate papillary thyroid carcinoma from benign lesions: gene selection using support vector machines with bootstrapping. Endocr Relat Cancer
14: 809-826
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dossing, H., Bennedbaek, F. N., Bonnema, S. J., Grupe, P., Hegedus, L.
(2007). Randomized prospective study comparing a single radioiodine dose and a single laser therapy session in autonomously functioning thyroid nodules. Eur J Endocrinol
157: 95-100
[Abstract][Full Text]
Foukakis, T., Gusnanto, A., Au, A. Y., Hoog, A., Lui, W.-O., Larsson, C., Wallin, G., Zedenius, J.
(2007). A PCR-based expression signature of malignancy in follicular thyroid tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer
14: 381-391
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bae, U., Dighe, M., Dubinsky, T., Minoshima, S., Shamdasani, V., Kim, Y.
(2007). Ultrasound Thyroid Elastography Using Carotid Artery Pulsation: Preliminary Study. J Ultrasound Med
26: 797-805
[Abstract][Full Text]
Krause, K., Karger, S., Schierhorn, A., Poncin, S., Many, M.-C., Fuhrer, D.
(2007). Proteomic Profiling of Cold Thyroid Nodules. Endocrinology
148: 1754-1763
[Abstract][Full Text]
Illouz, F., Rodien, P., Saint-Andre, J. P., Triau, S., Laboureau-Soares, S., Dubois, S., Vielle, B., Antoine, H., Rohmer, V.
(2007). Usefulness of repeated fine-needle cytology in the follow-up of non-operated thyroid nodules. Eur J Endocrinol
156: 303-308
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dickerman, J. D.
(2007). The Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Therapy. Pediatrics
119: 554-568
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cappelli, C., Castellano, M., Pirola, I., Cumetti, D., Agosti, B., Gandossi, E., Agabiti Rosei, E.
(2007). The predictive value of ultrasound findings in the management of thyroid nodules. QJM
100: 29-35
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dossing, H, Bennedbaek, F N, Hegedus, L
(2006). Beneficial effect of combined aspiration and interstitial laser therapy in patients with benign cystic thyroid nodules: a pilot study. Br. J. Radiol.
79: 943-947
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boelaert, K., Horacek, J., Holder, R. L., Watkinson, J. C., Sheppard, M. C., Franklyn, J. A.
(2006). Serum Thyrotropin Concentration as a Novel Predictor of Malignancy in Thyroid Nodules Investigated by Fine-Needle Aspiration. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
91: 4295-4301
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shetty, S. K., Maher, M. M., Hahn, P. F., Halpern, E. F., Aquino, S. L.
(2006). Significance of incidental thyroid lesions detected on CT: correlation among CT, sonography, and pathology.. Am. J. Roentgenol.
187: 1349-1356
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lubitz, C. C., Ugras, S. K., Kazam, J. J., Zhu, B., Scognamiglio, T., Chen, Y.-T., Fahey, T. J. III
(2006). Microarray Analysis of Thyroid Nodule Fine-Needle Aspirates Accurately Classifies Benign and Malignant Lesions. J. Mol. Diagn.
8: 490-498
[Abstract][Full Text]
Frates, M. C., Benson, C. B., Doubilet, P. M., Kunreuther, E., Contreras, M., Cibas, E. S., Orcutt, J., Moore, F. D. Jr., Larsen, P. R., Marqusee, E., Alexander, E. K.
(2006). Prevalence and Distribution of Carcinoma in Patients with Solitary and Multiple Thyroid Nodules on Sonography. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
91: 3411-3417
[Abstract][Full Text]
Premawardhana, L D K E, Lazarus, J H
(2006). Management of thyroid disorders.. Postgrad. Med. J.
82: 552-558
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cappelli, C., Castellano, M., Pirola, I., Gandossi, E., De Martino, E., Cumetti, D., Agosti, B., Rosei, E. A.
(2006). Thyroid nodule shape suggests malignancy.. Eur J Endocrinol
155: 27-31
[Abstract][Full Text]
Raymond, J., Long, H., Mancuso, A.A.
(2006). Thyroid Nodules and Other Incidentalomas: We Must Search for Evidence and Clarify Our Ethical Priorities. Am. J. Neuroradiol.
27: 1163-1164
[Full Text]
Mazzaferri, E. L.
(2006). Managing small thyroid cancers.. JAMA
295: 2179-2182
[Full Text]
Scissons, R. P., Hoskins, M., Gillis, J. C.
(2006). Incidence of Visualized Thyroid Abnormalities During Carotid Duplex Evaluations. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography
22: 161-164
[Abstract]
de Geus-Oei, L.-F., Pieters, G. F.F.M., Bonenkamp, J. J., Mudde, A. H., Bleeker-Rovers, C. P., Corstens, F. H.M., Oyen, W. J.G.
(2006). 18F-FDG PET Reduces Unnecessary Hemithyroidectomies for Thyroid Nodules with Inconclusive Cytologic Results. JNM
47: 770-775
[Abstract][Full Text]
Khalid, A. N., Hollenbeak, C. S., Quraishi, S. A., Fan, C. Y., Stack, B. C. Jr
(2006). The Cost-effectiveness of Iodine 131 Scintigraphy, Ultrasonography, and Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy in the Initial Diagnosis of Solitary Thyroid Nodules.. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
132: 244-250
[Abstract][Full Text]
Frates, M. C., Benson, C. B., Charboneau, J. W., Cibas, E. S., Clark, O. H., Coleman, B. G., Cronan, J. J., Doubilet, P. M., Evans, D. B., Goellner, J. R., Hay, I. D., Hertzberg, B. S., Intenzo, C. M., Jeffrey, R. B., Langer, J. E., Larsen, P. R., Mandel, S. J., Middleton, W. D., Reading, C. C., Sherman, S. I., Tessler, F. N.
(2005). Management of Thyroid Nodules Detected at US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement. Radiology
237: 794-800
[Abstract][Full Text]
Watson, S G, Radford, A D, Kipar, A, Ibarrola, P, Blackwood, L
(2005). Somatic mutations of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor gene in feline hyperthyroidism: parallels with human hyperthyroidism. J Endocrinol
186: 523-537
[Abstract][Full Text]
Xing, M
(2005). BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer
12: 245-262
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dossing, H., Bennedbaek, F. N., Hegedus, L.
(2005). Effect of ultrasound-guided interstitial laser photocoagulation on benign solitary solid cold thyroid nodules - a randomised study. Eur J Endocrinol
152: 341-345
[Abstract][Full Text]