Hookworm infection in humans is caused by an infection withthe helminth nematode parasites Necator americanus and Ancylostomaduodenale and is transmitted through contact with contaminatedsoil. It is one of the most common chronic infections, withan estimated 740 million cases in areas of rural poverty inthe tropics and subtropics.1 Because hookworm infection occurspredominantly among the world's most impoverished people,1 itholds a unique place in modern history. For example, the reputationof pre-1949 China as the "sick man of Asia" was partly a resultof the high prevalence and intensity of infection with hookworm.2Mohandas Gandhi . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Pathophysiology and Clinical Disease
Larval Invasion of Tissue
Clinical Disease
Hookworm Disease in Mothers and Children
Diagnosis in Returning Travelers and Immigrants
Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prospects for Control
Overdispersion of and Predisposition to Hookworm Infection
Hookworm and Age
School-Based Deworming
Source Information
From the Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (P.J.H., J.M.B., M.E.B.); the Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (A.L.); and the Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China (S.X.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Hotez at the Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Ross Hall 736, 2300 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20037, or at mtmpjh@gwumc.edu.
Teixeira-Carvalho, A., Fujiwara, R. T., Stemmy, E. J., Olive, D., Damsker, J. M., Loukas, A., Correa-Oliveira, R., Constant, S. L., Bethony, J. M.
(2008). Binding of Excreted and/or Secreted Products of Adult Hookworms to Human NK Cells in Necator americanus-Infected Individuals from Brazil. Infect. Immun.
76: 5810-5816
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pasricha, S.-R., Caruana, S. R., Phuc, T. Q., Casey, G. J., Jolley, D., Kingsland, S., Tien, N. T., MacGregor, L., Montresor, A., Biggs, B.-A.
(2008). Anemia, Iron Deficiency, Meat Consumption, and Hookworm Infection in Women of Reproductive Age in Northwest Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg
78: 375-381
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brooker, S., Akhwale, W., Pullan, R., Estambale, B., Clarke, S. E., Snow, R. W., Hotez, P. J.
(2007). Epidemiology of Plasmodium-Helminth Co-Infection in Africa: Populations at Risk, Potential Impact on Anemia, and Prospects for Combining Control. Am J Trop Med Hyg
77: 88-98
[Abstract][Full Text]
Reddy, M., Gill, S. S., Kalkar, S. R., Wu, W., Anderson, P. J., Rochon, P. A.
(2007). Oral Drug Therapy for Multiple Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Systematic Review. JAMA
298: 1911-1924
[Abstract][Full Text]
Verweij, J. J., Brienen, E. A. T., Ziem, J., Yelifari, L., Polderman, A. M., Van Lieshout, L.
(2007). Simultaneous Detection and Quantification of Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, and Oesophagostomum bifurcum in Fecal Samples Using Multiplex Real-Time PCR. Am J Trop Med Hyg
77: 685-690
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tolentino, K., Friedman, J. F.
(2007). An Update on Anemia in Less Developed Countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg
77: 44-51
[Abstract][Full Text]
NOLAND, G. S., GRACZYK, T. K., FRIED, B., KUMAR, N.
(2007). ENHANCED MALARIA PARASITE TRANSMISSION FROM HELMINTH CO-INFECTED MICE. Am J Trop Med Hyg
76: 1052-1056
[Abstract][Full Text]
FLOHR, C., TUYEN, L. N., LEWIS, S., MINH, T. T., CAMPBELL, J., BRITTON, J., WILLIAMS, H., HIEN, T. T., FARRAR, J., QUINNELL, R. J.
(2007). LOW EFFICACY OF MEBENDAZOLE AGAINST HOOKWORM IN VIETNAM: TWO RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS. Am J Trop Med Hyg
76: 732-736
[Abstract][Full Text]
Coelho, P. R. P., McGuire, R. A.
(2006). Racial Differences in Disease Susceptibilities: Intestinal Worm Infections in the Early Twentieth-Century American South. Soc Hist Med
19: 461-482
[Abstract][Full Text]
Croese, J, O'Neil, J, Masson, J, Cooke, S, Melrose, W, Pritchard, D, Speare, R
(2006). A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors. Gut
55: 136-137
[Full Text]
Zhan, B., Liu, S., Perally, S., Xue, J., Fujiwara, R., Brophy, P., Xiao, S., Liu, Y., Feng, J., Williamson, A., Wang, Y., Bueno, L. L., Mendez, S., Goud, G., Bethony, J. M., Hawdon, J. M., Loukas, A., Jones, K., Hotez, P. J.
(2005). Biochemical Characterization and Vaccine Potential of a Heme-Binding Glutathione Transferase from the Adult Hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. Infect. Immun.
73: 6903-6911
[Abstract][Full Text]
GARG, P. K., PERRY, S., DORN, M., HARDCASTLE, L., PARSONNET, J.
(2005). RISK OF INTESTINAL HELMINTH AND PROTOZOAN INFECTION IN A REFUGEE POPULATION. Am J Trop Med Hyg
73: 386-391
[Abstract][Full Text]
Joven, J., Hotez, P. J., Brooker, S., Bethony, J.
(2005). Hookworm Infection. NEJM
352: 205-205
[Full Text]