FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 353:811-822 August 25, 2005 Number 8 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text Purchase this article Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited E-mail When Letters Appear PubMed Citation

Despite progress in research on the molecular aspects of malignant gliomas, the prognosis of these brain tumors continues to be dismal. In glioblastoma, the most common glioma variant in adults, median survival has remained at 9 to 12 months for decades.¹ One reason for the lack of clinical advances is ignorance of the cellular origin of this disease, which delays the application of molecular analyses to treatment and impairs the ability to anticipate tumor behavior reliably. For nearly 80 years, the classification system for gliomas has remained largely unchanged^2,3; its power to predict the course of disease is based . . . [Full Text of this Article]

The Cell of Origin of Gliomas

Neural Stem Cells and Glial Progenitor Cells

Properties of Neural Stem Cells

Transformation of Neural Stem Cells

Molecular Mechanisms

Stem Cells in Other Neoplasms

Developmental Patterns

Sonic Hedgehog Pathway

Transcription Factors

Epidermal Growth Factor

PTEN Pathway

Heterogeneity of Gliomas

Cellular Environment

Blocked Differentiation

Migration of Glioma Cells

Conclusions

Source Information

From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, and the Developmental Stem Cell Biology Program, University of California, San Francisco.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Sanai at the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., M-779, Campus Box 0112, San Francisco, CA 94143, or at sanain@neurosurg.ucsf.edu.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Habela, C. W., Olsen, M. L., Sontheimer, H. (2008). ClC3 Is a Critical Regulator of the Cell Cycle in Normal and Malignant Glial Cells. J. Neurosci. 28: 9205-9217 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wen, P. Y., Kesari, S. (2008). Malignant Gliomas in Adults. NEJM 359: 492-507 [Full Text]  
• Soeda, A., Inagaki, A., Oka, N., Ikegame, Y., Aoki, H., Yoshimura, S.-i., Nakashima, S., Kunisada, T., Iwama, T. (2008). Epidermal Growth Factor Plays a Crucial Role in Mitogenic Regulation of Human Brain Tumor Stem Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 10958-10966 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Davis, F. G., Malmer, B. S., Aldape, K., Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S., Bondy, M. L., Brannstrom, T., Bruner, J. M., Burger, P. C., Collins, V. P., Inskip, P. D., Kruchko, C., McCarthy, B. J., McLendon, R. E., Sadetzki, S., Tihan, T., Wrensch, M. R., Buffler, P. A. (2008). Issues of Diagnostic Review in Brain Tumor Studies: From the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 17: 484-489 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chachques, J. C., Trainini, J. C., Lago, N., Cortes-Morichetti, M., Schussler, O., Carpentier, A. (2008). Myocardial Assistance by Grafting a New Bioartificial Upgraded Myocardium (MAGNUM Trial): Clinical Feasibility Study. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 85: 901-908 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rajasekhar, V. K., Dalerba, P., Passegue, E., Lagasse, E., Najbauer, J. (2008). The 5th International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) Annual Meeting, June 2007. Stem Cells 26: 292-298 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Johnson, M. D., Fan, X., Bourne, P., Walters, D. (2007). Neuronal Differentiation and Expression of Neural Epitopes in Pituitary Adenomas. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 55: 1265-1271 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schuller, U., Zhao, Q., Godinho, S. A., Heine, V. M., Medema, R. H., Pellman, D., Rowitch, D. H. (2007). Forkhead Transcription Factor FoxM1 Regulates Mitotic Entry and Prevents Spindle Defects in Cerebellar Granule Neuron Precursors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27: 8259-8270 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mangiola, A., Lama, G., Giannitelli, C., De Bonis, P., Anile, C., Lauriola, L., La Torre, G., Sabatino, G., Maira, G., Jhanwar-Uniyal, M., Sica, G. (2007). Stem Cell Marker Nestin and c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinases in Tumor and Peritumor Areas of Glioblastoma Multiforme: Possible Prognostic Implications. Clin. Cancer Res. 13: 6970-6977 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Furnari, F. B., Fenton, T., Bachoo, R. M., Mukasa, A., Stommel, J. M., Stegh, A., Hahn, W. C., Ligon, K. L., Louis, D. N., Brennan, C., Chin, L., DePinho, R. A., Cavenee, W. K. (2007). Malignant astrocytic glioma: genetics, biology, and paths to treatment. Genes Dev. 21: 2683-2710 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lim, D. A., Cha, S., Mayo, M. C., Chen, M.-H., Keles, E., VandenBerg, S., Berger, M. S. (2007). Relationship of glioblastoma multiforme to neural stem cell regions predicts invasive and multifocal tumor phenotype. Neuro Oncol 9: 424-429 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dentice, M., Luongo, C., Huang, S., Ambrosio, R., Elefante, A., Mirebeau-Prunier, D., Zavacki, A. M., Fenzi, G., Grachtchouk, M., Hutchin, M., Dlugosz, A. A., Bianco, A. C., Missero, C., Larsen, P. R., Salvatore, D. (2007). Sonic hedgehog-induced type 3 deiodinase blocks thyroid hormone action enhancing proliferation of normal and malignant keratinocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 14466-14471 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ishiuchi, S., Yoshida, Y., Sugawara, K., Aihara, M., Ohtani, T., Watanabe, T., Saito, N., Tsuzuki, K., Okado, H., Miwa, A., Nakazato, Y., Ozawa, S. (2007). Ca2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors Regulate Growth of Human Glioblastoma via Akt Activation. J. Neurosci. 27: 7987-8001 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dunlap, S. M., Celestino, J., Wang, H., Jiang, R., Holland, E. C., Fuller, G. N., Zhang, W. (2007). Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 promotes glioma development and progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 11736-11741 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ghods, A. J., Irvin, D., Liu, G., Yuan, X., Abdulkadir, I. R., Tunici, P., Konda, B., Wachsmann-Hogiu, S., Black, K. L., Yu, J. S. (2007). Spheres Isolated from 9L Gliosarcoma Rat Cell Line Possess Chemoresistant and Aggressive Cancer Stem-Like Cells. Stem Cells 25: 1645-1653 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pfenninger, C. V., Roschupkina, T., Hertwig, F., Kottwitz, D., Englund, E., Bengzon, J., Jacobsen, S. E., Nuber, U. A. (2007). CD133 Is Not Present on Neurogenic Astrocytes in the Adult Subventricular Zone, but on Embryonic Neural Stem Cells, Ependymal Cells, and Glioblastoma Cells. Cancer Res. 67: 5727-5736 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shiras, A., Chettiar, S. T, Shepal, V., Rajendran, G., Prasad, G. R., Shastry, P. (2007). Spontaneous Transformation of Human Adult Nontumorigenic Stem Cells to Cancer Stem Cells Is Driven by Genomic Instability in a Human Model of Glioblastoma. Stem Cells 25: 1478-1489 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bleau, A.-M., Holland, E. C. (2007). Trapping the mouse genome to hunt human alterations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 7737-7738 [Full Text]  
• Langley, R. R., Fidler, I. J. (2007). Tumor Cell-Organ Microenvironment Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Cancer Metastasis. Endocr. Rev. 28: 297-321 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zheng, X., Shen, G., Yang, X., Liu, W. (2007). Most C6 Cells Are Cancer Stem Cells: Evidence from Clonal and Population Analyses. Cancer Res. 67: 3691-3697 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Foroni, C., Galli, R., Cipelletti, B., Caumo, A., Alberti, S., Fiocco, R., Vescovi, A. (2007). Resilience to Transformation and Inherent Genetic and Functional Stability of Adult Neural Stem Cells Ex vivo. Cancer Res. 67: 3725-3733 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Faury, D., Nantel, A., Dunn, S. E., Guiot, M.-C., Haque, T., Hauser, P., Garami, M., Bognar, L., Hanzely, Z., Liberski, P. P., Lopez-Aguilar, E., Valera, E. T., Tone, L. G., Carret, A.-S., Del Maestro, R. F., Gleave, M., Montes, J.-L., Pietsch, T., Albrecht, S., Jabado, N. (2007). Molecular Profiling Identifies Prognostic Subgroups of Pediatric Glioblastoma and Shows Increased YB-1 Expression in Tumors. JCO 25: 1196-1208 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Soroceanu, L., Kharbanda, S., Chen, R., Soriano, R. H., Aldape, K., Misra, A., Zha, J., Forrest, W. F., Nigro, J. M., Modrusan, Z., Feuerstein, B. G., Phillips, H. S. (2007). Identification of IGF2 signaling through phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 as a growth-promoting axis in glioblastoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 3466-3471 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, L., Jackson, E., Woerner, B. M., Perry, A., Piwnica-Worms, D., Rubin, J. B. (2007). Blocking CXCR4-Mediated Cyclic AMP Suppression Inhibits Brain Tumor Growth In vivo. Cancer Res. 67: 651-658 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sim, F. J., Keyoung, H. M., Goldman, J. E., Kim, D. K., Jung, H.-W., Roy, N. S., Goldman, S. A. (2006). Neurocytoma Is a Tumor of Adult Neuronal Progenitor Cells. J. Neurosci. 26: 12544-12555 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Modena, P., Lualdi, E., Facchinetti, F., Veltman, J., Reid, J. F., Minardi, S., Janssen, I., Giangaspero, F., Forni, M., Finocchiaro, G., Genitori, L., Giordano, F., Riccardi, R., Schoenmakers, E. F.P.M., Massimino, M., Sozzi, G. (2006). Identification of Tumor-Specific Molecular Signatures in Intracranial Ependymoma and Association With Clinical Characteristics. JCO 24: 5223-5233 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Redjal, N., Chan, J. A., Segal, R. A., Kung, A. L. (2006). CXCR4 Inhibition Synergizes with Cytotoxic Chemotherapy in Gliomas.. Clin. Cancer Res. 12: 6765-6771 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Balenci, L., Clarke, I. D., Dirks, P. B., Assard, N., Ducray, F., Jouvet, A., Belin, M.-F., Honnorat, J., Baudier, J. (2006). IQGAP1 Protein Specifies Amplifying Cancer Cells in Glioblastoma Multiforme.. Cancer Res. 66: 9074-9082 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Assanah, M., Lochhead, R., Ogden, A., Bruce, J., Goldman, J., Canoll, P. (2006). Glial progenitors in adult white matter are driven to form malignant gliomas by platelet-derived growth factor-expressing retroviruses.. J. Neurosci. 26: 6781-6790 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Reardon, D. A., Rich, J. N., Friedman, H. S., Bigner, D. D. (2006). Recent Advances in the Treatment of Malignant Astrocytoma. JCO 24: 1253-1265 [Abstract] [Full Text]