In this article, we review recent findings related to estrogenexposure and the risk of breast cancer, the mechanisms thatmay be involved, and the clinical implications of these findings.The weight of evidence indicates that exposure to estrogen isan important determinant of the risk of breast cancer. The mechanismsof carcinogenesis in the breast caused by estrogen include themetabolism of estrogen to genotoxic, mutagenic metabolites andthe stimulation of tissue growth. Together, these processescause initiation, promotion, and progression of carcinogenesis.Insight into the mechanisms of the causation of cancer by estrogenwill identify determinants of susceptibility . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Hormonal Risk Factors for the Development of Breast Cancer
Mechanisms of Estrogen Carcinogenesis
Estrogen Metabolism
Estrogen-Receptor Signaling
Clinical Implications
Conclusions
Source Information
From the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences (J.D.Y.), and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (N.E.D.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Yager at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Rm. 1033, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, or at jyager@jhsph.edu.
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