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Previous Volume 356:1140-1151 March 15, 2007 Number 11 Next

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Heart failure is an enormous medical and societal burden.^1,2 It is a common disease: more than 2% of the U.S. population, or almost 5 million people, are affected, and 30 to 40% of patients die from heart failure within 1 year after receiving the diagnosis.³ Heart failure can be disabling, and it can severely reduce a patient's quality of life. It consumes approximately 2% of the National Health Service budget in the United Kingdom, and in the United States, the total annual cost of treatment for heart failure is approximately $28 billion. Moreover, the financial burden of heart failure will . . . [Full Text of this Article]

The Energy-Starvation Hypothesis

Cardiac Energy Metabolism

Components of Cardiac Energy Metabolism

The Creatine Kinase System

Assessment of Cardiac Energy Metabolism

Derangement of Energy Metabolism in Heart Failure

Substrate Utilization

Oxidative Phosphorylation

High-Energy Phosphate Metabolism

Molecular Regulators of Energy Metabolism

Nuclear-Receptor Transcription Factors

Gene-Knockout Models and Loss-of-Function Mutations

Implications for the Treatment of Heart Failure

Modulation of Substrate Utilization

Modulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Manipulation of High-Energy Phosphate Metabolites

Conclusions

Source Information

From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford and John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Neubauer at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, or at stefan.neubauer@cardiov.ox.ac.uk.

Related Letters:

The Failing Heart
Oh J., Chung J.-H., Kang S.-M., Smith S. W., Niederseer D., Thaler C., Niebauer J., Korantzopoulos P., Goudevenos J. A., Knaapen P., Knuuti J., van Rossum A. C., Taegtmeyer H., Haddy F. J., Neubauer S.
Extract | Full Text | PDF  
N Engl J Med 2007; 356:2544-2546, Jun 14, 2007. Correspondence

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