Clinical Outcome of Mitral Regurgitation Due to Flail Leaflet
Lieng H. Ling, M.B., B.S., Maurice Enriquez-Sarano, M.D., James B. Seward, M.D., A. Jamil Tajik, M.D., Hartzell V. Schaff, M.D., Kent R. Bailey, Ph.D., and Robert L. Frye, M.D.
Background Mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet is difficultto manage, because it is frequently asymptomatic yet carriesa high risk of left ventricular dysfunction and because thenatural history of the condition is poorly defined.
Methods We obtained clinical follow-up data through 1994–1995in 229 patients with isolated mitral regurgitation due to flailleaflet; this condition was first diagnosed by echocardiographybetween 1980 and 1989.
Results The 86 patients who were treated medically had a mortalityrate significantly higher than expected (6.3 percent yearly,P = 0.016 for the comparison with the expected rate in the U.S.population according to the 1990 census). Independent determinantsof mortality were an older age, the presence of symptoms, anda lower ejection fraction. Patients who were even transientlyin New York Heart Association functional class III or IV hada high mortality rate (34 percent yearly), but the rate wasalso notable (4.1 percent yearly) among those in class I orII. At 10 years, the mean (±SE) rates of heart failure,atrial fibrillation, and death or surgery were 63±8,30±12, and 90±3 percent, respectively. In a multivariateanalysis, surgical correction of mitral regurgitation (performedin 143 patients) was associated with a reduced mortality rate(hazard ratio, 0.29; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.15 to0.56; P<0.001).
Conclusions When treated medically, mitral regurgitation dueto flail leaflet is associated with excess mortality and highmorbidity. Surgery is almost unavoidable within 10 years afterthe diagnosis and appears to be associated with an improvedprognosis; this finding suggests that surgery should be consideredearly in the course of the disease.
Mitral regurgitation is a common heart-valve disorder that isoften difficult to manage. Symptoms may be absent for years,1despite severe regurgitation. Surgical correction of mitralregurgitation can relieve symptoms,2 but when it is performedin symptomatic patients, it frequently leaves residual postoperativeleft ventricular dysfunction, which carries a poor prognosis.3,4This serious complication, in conjunction with the feasibilityof valve repair,5 has led to the suggestion that surgical correctionbe performed early in the course of mitral regurgitation.3,4,5,6The value of this approach is unclear, however, because of thelack of data on the course of medically treated mitral regurgitation.
Previous studies of the natural history of mitral regurgitation7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16have provided little information on morbidity and reported widelyvariable mortality rates. Reported survival rates at five yearshave ranged between 27 and 97 percent.9,10 Such conflictingdata may be the result of poorly defined degrees of regurgitation,9,11,16various selection biases,14,15,16 small study populations,7,11,12,13,14and the presence of coexisting conditions that may be associatedwith mitral regurgitation.17 The discrepancies are difficultto reconcile, and they impede clinical decision making.
In patients with mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet,the lesion results in uniformly high degrees of regurgitation18and is reliably diagnosed noninvasively by echocardiography.19,20In Western countries, flail mitral leaflet is the most frequentcause of mitral regurgitation requiring surgical correction.21,22Nevertheless, little is known about long-term clinical outcome,and the prognosis in patients treated medically has been characterizedvariously as poor23 and good.24
We conducted a follow-up study of patients with mitral regurgitationdue to flail leaflet, confirmed by echocardiography. The purposeof the study was to determine the long-term survival, the incidenceof cardiac complications, factors that predict the outcome,and the effect of surgical treatment on the prognosis.
Methods
Patients were included in the study if they had flail mitralleaflet that had first been diagnosed with the use of two-dimensionalechocardiography between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 1989,at the Mayo Clinic. Exclusion criteria were papillary-musclerupture, previous valve surgery, and associated aortic-valveor congenital heart disease. Patients who had coronary arterydisease or had undergone bypass grafting were not excluded.Base-line symptoms were defined as those occurring within onemonth before the diagnosis.
The 229 patients enrolled in the study were not followed onlyat our institution, and information on postdiagnostic eventswas obtained for all but 1 of the patients between March 1994and February 1995. Cardiac events and causes of death were ascertainedby contacting the patients' physicians and reviewing death certificates,coroners' reports, or autopsy records. The occurrence of arrhythmiashad to be confirmed by electrocardiography. Associated medicalconditions were assigned weights, and the results were summedas a modified comorbidity index.17
Echocardiographic Methods
Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed as describedpreviously,25 and the diagnosis of flail leaflet was based onthe failure of leaflet coaptation, with rapid systolic movementof the involved leaflet tip in the left atrium.19,20 The degreeof mitral regurgitation was assessed semiquantitatively on ascale of 1+ to 4+.26,27 Cardiac diameters were indexed to thebody-surface area. End-systolic wall stress was calculated28with the use of noninvasive methods for estimating end-systolicpressure.29 The left ventricular ejection fraction was measuredas described previously.30,31
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables are expressed as means ±SD. Therates of mortality and other end points were estimated withthe use of the Kaplan–Meier method and linearized yearlyrates. To determine the outcome with medical treatment, datafor patients who underwent surgical treatment were censoredat the time of the surgery. To determine the effect of surgeryon the outcome, data during the entire follow-up period, includingthe immediate postsurgical phase, were used. Survival was comparedwith the expected survival of age- and sex-matched white membersof the U.S. population in 1990; differences in survival weredetermined with the one-sample log-rank test. Base-line predictorsof outcome were identified with a proportional-hazards analysis.To determine the effect on survival of events occurring afterthe diagnosis (surgery, congestive heart failure, and atrialfibrillation), a time-dependent proportional-hazards analysiswas performed within a multivariate model that included thebase-line predictors of survival with and without the comorbidityindex.
The effect of potential referral biases was tested by includingthe geographic origin of the patient and comorbidity in themultivariate analysis of survival and by repeating the analysiswith data from patients not referred for surgery within thefirst three months and not initially in New York Heart Association(NYHA) functional class I or II. A P value of less than 0.05was considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results
Base-Line Characteristics
The clinical characteristics of the 229 patients who met theinclusion criteria are shown in Table 1. A total of 188 patients(82 percent) had a history of an apical cardiac murmur or cardiacsymptoms for more than three months.
Table 1. Base-Line Characteristics of 229 Patients with Mitral Regurgitation Due to Flail Leaflet.
The presumed cause of the flail leaflet was an idiopathic conditionin 176 patients, infective endocarditis in 45, trauma in 5,and miscellaneous factors in 3. The posterior leaflet was involvedin 187 patients, the anterior leaflet in 37, and both leafletsin 5. Base-line echocardiographic data are shown in Table 1.The degree of mitral regurgitation was reported as grade 3+or 4+ in 168 of the 193 patients (87 percent) who were evaluatedby Doppler echocardiography and in 71 of the 75 patients (95percent) evaluated by left ventriculography.
Coronary angiography was performed in 92 patients, 28 of whomhad stenosis of 70 percent or more of the diameter of at leastone coronary artery.
Overall Outcome with Medical Treatment
The mortality and morbidity rates during medical treatment areshown in Table 2. Of the 229 patients, 45 (20 percent) diedduring medical treatment. The cause of death was cardiovascularin 31 patients (intractable heart failure in 13, cardiac arrestin 11, cerebral thromboembolism or hemorrhage in 3, and miscellaneousfactors in 4), noncardiac in 12, and unknown in 2. Long-termsurvival with medical treatment was shorter than the expectedsurvival (P = 0.016) (Figure 1). The rate of death from cardiaccauses was 21±4 percent at 5 years and 33±7 percentat 10 years.
Figure 1. Long-Term Survival with Medical Treatment, as Compared with Expected Survival, in 229 Patients with Mitral Regurgitation Due to Flail Leaflet.
In the multivariate analysis (Table 3), the base-line variablesthat were independently predictive of survival were age, NYHAclass, and ejection fraction. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show theKaplan–Meier survival curves according to NYHA class andejection fraction, respectively.
Figure 3. Long-Term Survival with Medical Treatment, According to the Ejection Fraction (EF).
The incidence of congestive heart failure was 30±4 percentat 5 years and 63±8 percent at 10 years (Figure 4). Multivariatepredictors of the development of congestive heart failure wereage, ejection fraction, and left atrial diameter adjusted forbody-surface area (Table 3). Of the 55 patients with a firstepisode of heart failure after the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation,27 (49 percent) underwent surgery. Most of the remaining patientshad symptomatic improvement with medical treatment, but thesepatients nevertheless had a higher mortality rate than thosewithout an episode of heart failure (adjusted hazard ratio,16.53; 95 percent confidence interval, 8.72 to 31.36; P<0.001).
Figure 4. Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation (AF), Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), Mitral-Valve Surgery, and Surgery or Death.
A total of 175 patients were initially at risk for atrial fibrillation, and 229 were initially at risk for the other end points. The numbers in parentheses are numbers of events for each end point. Plus–minus values are mean (±SE) event rates at 10 years.
Of the 175 patients who were in sinus rhythm at presentation,13 had chronic atrial fibrillation (Table 2 and Figure 4), whichwas independently predicted only by age. Atrial fibrillationduring follow-up was not associated with excess mortality (P= 0.19).
The incidence of infective endocarditis, thromboembolic events,and major bleeding is shown in Table 2.
Mitral-Valve Surgery
Surgery was performed in 143 patients a mean of 23±32months after the diagnosis. The remaining 86 patients were treatedmedically. Indications for surgery were NYHA class III or IVdyspnea in 107 patients, the physician's preference in 24, infectiveendocarditis in 5, angina pectoris in 4, and thromboembolismin 1; the indications could not be determined in the cases of2 patients. The mitral valve was repaired in 95 patients andreplaced in 47; in 1 patient, operated on elsewhere, the natureof the procedure was not known. Concomitant coronary-arterybypass grafting was performed in 29 patients. The operativemortality was 4 percent (6 deaths among 143 patients) overalland 2 percent (3 among 121) for the patients operated on atour institution.
The cumulative likelihood of mitral-valve surgery and of thecombined end point of death or surgery is shown in Figure 4.
Effect of Symptoms on Outcome
The presence of symptoms was a major predictor of survival (Table 2and Figure 2), but there was no difference in survival betweenpatients in NYHA class III and those in class IV (P = 0.28)or between patients in class I and those in class II (P = 0.26).
Of the 66 patients in NYHA class III or IV at base line, 49(74 percent) eventually underwent surgery. The other 17 patientscontinued to be treated medically because of the high estimatedrisk associated with surgery (in 6 patients) or functional improvementwith treatment (in 11). Despite the frequent functional improvement,the outcome for these patients was poor (yearly mortality, 34percent) and worse than the outcome for the patients in classI or II (hazard ratio, 8.23; 95 percent confidence interval,4.22 to 16.05; P<0.001).
Nevertheless, the patients in NYHA class I or II had a notableannual mortality rate (4.1 percent). Of the 27 deaths that occurredduring medical treatment, 19 (70 percent) were from cardiaccauses, 7 of which were not preceded by class III or IV symptoms.No group was devoid of risk, with a 10-year survival of 69±10percent among the 92 patients in class I with an ejection fractionhigher than 60 percent and 78±6 percent among the 100patients in class I or II with a comorbidity index of 0. Morbiditywas high among both patients in class I and those in class II,but the likelihood of heart failure and surgery was higher amongthe patients in class II (Table 2).
Effect of Surgery on Survival
Among the patients who underwent surgery, survival at 5 and10 years was 79±3 and 66±4 percent, respectively(97 and 100 percent of the expected survival, respectively;P = 0.68). Thus, when the effect of surgery on survival wasconsidered, no excess mortality was observed.
In a multivariate proportional-hazards analysis that includedthe significant base-line predictors of survival, surgery performedat any time (time-dependent variable) independently and favorablyinfluenced survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.29; 95 percentconfidence interval, 0.15 to 0.56) (Table 3). This effect persistedeven when the comorbidity index was included in the model (Table 3).
Effect of Referral Patterns on Outcome
The geographic origin of the referral (<120 miles [193 Km]from Rochester, Minn., or >120 miles) had no effect on theoutcome in the multivariate analysis (P>0.20). The comorbidityrate at diagnosis (Table 1) was low, indicating that the choiceof medical over surgical treatment was influenced by the cardiacstatus of the patients and not by coexisting conditions. Theinclusion of comorbidity in the multivariate proportional-hazardsmodels did not modify the base-line predictors of outcome.
Among the 157 patients who were not immediately referred forsurgery (i.e., within 3 months after the diagnosis), the 10-yearcumulative incidence of surgery and surgery or death was 73±6and 85±4 percent, respectively; these rates are similarto the rates for the total study population. Among the 162 patientsinitially in NYHA class I or II, the 10-year incidence of heartfailure, atrial fibrillation, and surgery or death was 61±9,29±12, and 85±4 percent, respectively, valuesthat are similar to the rates for the total study population.
Discussion
In this study we investigated the long-term outcome of mitralregurgitation due to flail leaflet. Among the patients treatedmedically there was an excess mortality directly related tothe cardiac disease; a high incidence of cardiovascular complications;and an increased risk of late death among older patients, thosewith advanced symptoms, and those with a reduced ejection fractionat diagnosis. Death or the need for surgery is almost unavoidablewithin 10 years after the diagnosis. Surgical correction ofmitral regurgitation appeared to improve long-term survival.
The natural history of mitral regurgitation is poorly defined,with widely disparate estimates of long-term survival. Reportedsurvival rates of 95 percent at 20 years,9 70 percent at 10years,16 46 and 50 percent at 5 years,11,15 and even as lowas 27 percent at 5 years10 are difficult to reconcile. Thesedisparities are probably due to small study populations7,10,11,12,14and multiple selection biases8,10,11,14,15,16 associated withill-defined degrees of regurgitation,7,9,11,15,16,32,33 whichtogether may have resulted in underestimation or overestimationof the hazards of medically treated mitral regurgitation. Theearlier predominance of rheumatic disease as the cause of mitralregurgitation9,11,16,32,33 also makes these data less applicableto contemporary practice, since other causes are now more common.21,22
Mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet is uniformly associatedwith a large volume overload,18,34,35 whether the presentationof regurgitation is acute35 or (as it more frequently is) chronic,18,36,37and the condition is diagnosed reliably with echocardiography.19,20Nevertheless, different observations have been made about theclinical outcome, which has been noted to be poor23,35,38,39or good,37,40,41 and different recommendations have been madeabout the need for immediate surgery23,39 or conservative treatmenteven for patients with hemodynamic decompensation.13,24 Theseinconsistent findings are based on data from small series andare not helpful in making clinical decisions, which are criticallyimportant because of the high incidence of postoperative leftventricular dysfunction in patients who undergo mitral-valvesurgery at a symptomatic stage.3,4 The suggestion that earliersurgery may be appropriate,4,6 especially given the currentfeasibility42 and safety5 of valve repair, is debatable withoutfirm information about the natural history of mitral regurgitationdue to flail leaflet.
The present study shows that patients treated medically haveexcess mortality, as compared with the general population. Thisexcess mortality is due to cardiac causes and appears to bedirectly related to the valvular heart disease, underscoringthe severity of the disease. The 6.3 percent yearly mortalityrate in our study is similar to the rate among patients withtriple-vessel coronary disease.43 The incidence of related cardiacmorbidity, which has not been consistently recognized,9,12 wasalso high in our study, with a 63 percent incidence of congestiveheart failure and a 30 percent incidence of chronic atrial fibrillationat 10 years, although most of the patients were initially inNYHA class I or II. Ten years after the diagnosis, either deathor surgery is almost unavoidable, even taking into account thepotential bias associated with direct referrals for surgery.The observation of excess mortality and high morbidity, duringan era when both medical and surgical2,3,5,6,42 treatments havebeen available, should raise awareness of the serious prognosticimplications of the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation due toflail leaflet and should lead to a consideration of surgerybased on the patient's condition at the time of the diagnosis.
Base-line predictors of death in our study were older age, higherNYHA class, and reduced ejection fraction. The high predictivepower of the functional class was related in part to the pooroutcome among patients in class III or IV who were not treatedsurgically. In the cases of these patients and those not operatedon after an episode of heart failure, the attending physicianwas falsely reassured by rapid improvement with medical treatment.The clinical implication of this finding is that class III symptoms,even if transient, should trigger the consideration of immediatesurgery, even in patients at notable operative risk.
The importance of the ejection fraction in predicting the outcomeunderscores the clinical significance of left ventricular dysfunctionas a complication of mitral regurgitation.3,4 Despite profoundchanges in loading conditions,44 the ejection fraction is apowerful predictor of the outcome of mitral regurgitation.2,3,7,8Even a mildly decreased ejection fraction (<60 percent) carriesan increased risk of late mortality and heart failure and shouldlead to the consideration of immediate surgery.
The left atrial size, which is related to the degree of regurgitation,45,46significantly predicted the occurrence of congestive heart failurebut not of subsequent atrial fibrillation.47 If the atrial diameteris larger than 30 mm per square meter of body-surface area,surgery should be considered.
Surgical treatment of mitral regurgitation unequivocally improvessymptoms and has been considered indicated primarily for patientswith NYHA class III or IV symptoms.2,3 Evidence that surgeryimproves the prognosis for patients with a decreased ejectionfraction is limited.7 Although there are no definitive datafrom randomized trials, the present, nonrandomized study providesevidence that surgery, whenever it is performed, is associatedwith improved survival independently of base-line characteristicsand comorbid conditions.
Our study does not document the true natural history of mitralregurgitation due to flail leaflet — that is, the naturalhistory of the disorder when both medical and surgical treatmentsare withheld. The only clinically relevant consideration isthe risk incurred when surgical treatment is delayed. In ourpatients, the overriding reason for deferring surgical treatmentwas the absence of severe symptoms during medical therapy, whereasin previous series, many patients received medical treatmentbecause of an unacceptably high operative risk.10,11,15
In asymptomatic patients it is impossible to date the onsetof the flail leaflet exactly.48 Echocardiography is the onlyreliable method of diagnosing partial flail leaflet, however,19,20and it provides a meaningful starting point. In our study, all143 patients examined at surgery had flail leaflets (141 withruptured chordae and 2 with elongated chordae).
We used echocardiographic measurements of the ejection fractionbecause they were available for all patients. The value of thesemeasurements30,31 in mitral regurgitation has been verified3,4,5and is confirmed by the prognostic importance of the ejectionfraction in our study. Use of the echocardiographic diagnosisof flail leaflet also allowed the inclusion of a large numberof asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients — thosemost commonly seen in routine clinical practice.
Since our study could not be population-based, a referral biascannot be ruled out. However, adjustment for the geographicorigin of the referrals, the presence of coexisting conditions,and the possibility of direct referrals for surgery did notaffect the results, suggesting a low probability of referralbias.
Conclusions
In this study, mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet wasassociated with excess mortality and high morbidity. Most patientseither died or required mitral-valve surgery within 10 yearsafter the diagnosis, underscoring the severity of the disease.A lower ejection fraction and the presence of symptoms at baseline were predictors of mortality, and a larger left atrialsize was a predictor of heart failure. However, even asymptomaticpatients had a substantial mortality rate. Multivariate analysessuggest that surgical correction of mitral regurgitation improvessurvival and that surgery should therefore be considered earlyin the disease in patients with repairable valves and a lowsurgical risk.
We are indebted to Christine M. Boos for expert assistance withthe data analysis.
Source Information
From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine (L.H.L., M.E.-S., J.B.S., A.J.T., R.L.F.), the Section of Cardiovascular Surgery (H.V.S.), and the Section of Biostatistics (K.R.B.), Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minn.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Enriquez-Sarano at the Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905.
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