Background We compared a regimen of six chemotherapeutic agentsadministered sequentially at high doses, followed by myeloablativetreatment and bone marrow transplantation, with a regimen ofmethotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone,and bleomycin (MACOP-B) as initial or salvage treatment foradults with diffuse large-cell lymphoma.
Methods Ninety-eight eligible patients with diffuse large-celllymphoma of the B-cell type were randomly assigned to receiveeither MACOP-B (50 patients) or high-dose sequential therapy(48 patients). If the assigned treatment failed, the study designallowed patients to cross over to the other treatment group.
Results After a median follow-up of 55 months, the patientsgiven high-dose sequential therapy, as compared with those treatedwith MACOP-B, had significantly higher rates of complete response(96 percent vs. 70 percent, P = 0.001), freedom from diseaseprogression (84 percent vs. 49 percent, P<0.001), freedomfrom relapse (88 percent vs. 70 percent, P = 0.055), and event-freesurvival (76 percent vs. 49 percent, P = 0.004). The differencein overall survival at seven years, which also favored the groupassigned to high-dose sequential therapy, was marginally significant(81 percent vs. 55 percent, P = 0.09).
Conclusions High-dose sequential therapy is superior to standard-doseMACOP-B for patients with diffuse large-cell lymphoma of theB-cell type.
High-dose chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is feasiblebecause of improvements in patient care, especially the useof hematopoietic growth factors and stem-cell support.1,2,3,4In late 1987, we started a randomized study to compare MACOP-B(methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone,and bleomycin)5 with a regimen of high-dose sequential chemotherapy,followed by myeloablative therapy and hematopoietic stem-cellsupport, as initial treatment for high-risk, diffuse B-celllymphomas.
The high-dose regimen we used entailed the administration ofseveral non–cross-resistant drugs, each at the maximaltolerated dose, mainly as single agents, within the shortestpossible interval. The purpose of this high-dose sequentialregimen is to prevent the emergence of drug-resistant lymphomacells.6 The applicability and activity of this approach havebeen tested in pilot studies in patients with refractory orrelapsed Hodgkin's disease7 or multiple myeloma.8
We report here a comparison of MACOP-B with high-dose sequentialtherapy (Figure 1) in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomasand a poor prognosis. The aim of the study was to determinethe relative efficacy of high-dose sequential therapy as eitherfirst-line or salvage treatment.
Figure 1. Study Design for the Comparison of High-Dose Sequential Therapy with MACOP-B in the Treatment of B-Cell Lymphoma.
In phase 5 of high-dose sequential therapy, high-dose melphalan was administered plus either total-body irradiation (in the first 30 patients) or mitoxantrone (in the last 18 patients), followed by hematopoietic-progenitor-cell autografting.
Methods
Eligibility
Patients 17 to 60 years of age were eligible if they had measurable,biopsy-confirmed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the B-cell immunophenotype,group G (diffuse large-cell lymphoma) or H (diffuse large-cellimmunoblastic lymphoma), according to the working formulationfor the classification of lymphoma.9 Other criteria for eligibilityincluded bulky disease classified as stage I or II (any massmore than 10 cm in diameter), stage III, or stage IV, accordingto the Ann Arbor system; an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Groupperformance status of 0 through 4; and normal cardiac, renal,pulmonary, and hepatic function on the basis of routine clinicaland laboratory examinations, radionuclide ventriculography,and lung-function tests. Patients were excluded if they hada positive serologic test for hepatitis B or C virus or thehuman immunodeficiency virus, liver cirrhosis, any follicularcomponent in their biopsy specimens, lymphoma-cell infiltrationof the bone marrow (detected morphologically), or a T-cell immunophenotype.The protocol was approved by the institutional review boardof each participating center, and written informed consent wasobtained from all patients.
After the pretreatment evaluation, the patients were stratifiedaccording to the presence or absence of bulky disease (definedas any mass more than 10 cm in diameter) and the number of sitesof extranodal disease (none or one vs. more than one).10 Thepatients were then randomly assigned to receive either MACOP-Bor high-dose sequential therapy as initial treatment. Patientswho had a relapse or a progression of disease during treatmentor in whom the size of measurable lesions was reduced by 80percent or less after either 12 weeks of MACOP-B or high-doseetoposide were crossed over to the other treatment group (Figure 1).
Of the 101 patients who were enrolled, 3 were excluded at thefinal assessment because they had concomitant liver diseaseand were thus ineligible. Of the 98 eligible patients, 50 wereassigned to receive MACOP-B, and 48 were assigned to receivehigh-dose sequential therapy. The characteristics of the 98patients are shown in Table 1. The two groups were similar withregard to the main prognostic variables, with the exceptionof the performance status. When prognostic indexes were considered,11,12there was a nonsignificant difference favoring the MACOP-B group.
Table 1. Characteristics of 98 Patients with B-Cell Lymphoma Assigned to Receive Treatment with MACOP-B or High-Dose Sequential Therapy.
Treatment Regimens
MACOP-B was administered according to the regimen describedin the original report on the treatment.5 Except in the caseof disease progression, all patients had to complete the 12-weekcourse of MACOP-B and undergo staging afterward. Starting 15to 30 days after the final MACOP-B cycle, consolidation radiotherapywas delivered to areas where prior lesions had been larger than5 cm in diameter and to areas of documented or suspected residualdisease, defined as any radiologic or gallium-67 scintigraphicevidence of an abnormality remaining in an area of previouslydetected disease. To be eligible for radiotherapy, patientshad to have a reduction of more than 80 percent in the dimensionsof measurable lesions after the completion of MACOP-B treatment.Patients with a reduction of 80 percent or less and those withstable or progressive disease were given high-dose sequentialtherapy as salvage treatment. Radiotherapy was delivered ina total dose of 3060 to 3420 cGy, given in 17 to 19 daily fractionsof 180 cGy each, with the use of a 6-MeV linear accelerator.
Table 2 shows the regimen of high-dose sequential therapy. Thefirst phase consisted of one or two courses of doxorubicin (50mg per square meter of body-surface area administered intravenouslyon day 1), prednisone (40 mg per square meter orally from day1 to day 21), and vincristine (1.4 mg per square meter intravenouslyon days 1, 8, and 15). During this phase, patients with epiduraldisease or sinus or testicular involvement received four weeklydoses of intrathecal methotrexate at a dose of 12.5 mg. Theregimen of high-dose cyclophosphamide, high-dose methotrexatewith leucovorin rescue, and high-dose etoposide has been reportedin detail previously.4,13,14 The dose of cyclophosphamide wascalculated according to the corrected ideal body weight, asfollows:
Patients underwent one to four (median, three) leukapheresesduring the rapid recovery phase that followed the administrationof high-dose cyclophosphamide plus either granulocyte–macrophagecolony-stimulating factor or granulocyte colony-stimulatingfactor, with the aim of collecting at least 8x106 CD34+ cellsper kilogram of body weight. In addition, 28 patients underwentharvesting of at least 2x108 nucleated bone marrow cells.
For the first 30 patients assigned to high-dose sequential therapy,the myeloablative phase consisted of fractionated total-bodyirradiation (a total dose of 12.5 Gy, given in five fractionson days 1 through 3) and 120 to 140 mg of melphalan per squaremeter, administered on day 4 by rapid intravenous infusion inthree fractions given every two hours. Both autologous cryopreservedbone marrow and peripheral-blood nucleated cells were thawedand rapidly infused 24 hours after the beginning of the administrationof melphalan. The toxic effects of total-body irradiation weresubstantial. Approximately half the patients had severe mucositis(grade 3 or 4), and three patients died of complications dueto this treatment (see the Results section). For this reason,the last 18 patients assigned to high-dose sequential therapyreceived as the final course 60 mg of mitoxantrone per squaremeter, administered intravenously over a period of one hourin three fractions given every two hours, followed by melphalan(180 mg per square meter) on day 4 and autografting on day 5.After they had recovered from the high-dose melphalan, these18 patients received consolidation radiotherapy according tothe indications and procedures described above, starting 30to 100 days after transplantation. For the first 30 patientsreceiving total-body irradiation, a total dose of 2520 cGy wasadministered in 14 daily fractions of 180 cGy each.
Supportive care during the entire course of high-dose sequentialtherapy has been described in detail elsewhere.7,8 Two importantcomponents of supportive care were the administration of growthfactor (either granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulatingfactor or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, given subcutaneouslyor intravenously at a dose of 5 µg per kilogram per day,as shown in Table 2) and prophylactic acyclovir. Acyclovir (250mg per square meter given intravenously twice per day or 800mg given orally twice per day) was given after each course ofhigh-dose myelotoxic therapy to prevent a reactivation of herpessimplex virus infection and other less well defined complicationsof suspected viral origin.
Response to Treatment and Follow-Up
All patients underwent repeated evaluations to detect diseaseduring and after therapy. For patients who received consolidationradiotherapy, the final assessment of a response was made afterits completion, according to standard criteria.15 Residual lymphnodes measuring up to 1 cm in diameter were considered to beuninvolved. Larger lymph nodes in the area of prior bulky diseasethat were scintigraphically normal and failed to enlarge overa period of three months after therapy were also consideredto be uninvolved. Follow-up evaluation consisted of physicalexamination, biochemical analysis, and chest radiography orcomputed tomographic scanning or both, performed at least everysix months during the first two years and annually thereafter.
Statistical Analysis
Our starting assumption was that any complex treatment, includingautotransplantation, would be justified only if it offered alarge advantage over an optimal standard treatment. Therefore,the study was designed to permit the detection of a 25 percentimprovement in the rate of freedom from disease progressionat three years (with failure defined as an incomplete responseto treatment or a relapse after a prior complete remission),with a one-sided test, a significance level of 0.05, and a statisticalpower of 80 percent. The following end points were also analyzed:freedom from relapse, with failure defined as a relapse aftera prior complete remission; event-free survival, with failuredefined as an incomplete response, a relapse, a second cancer,or death from any cause; and overall survival, with failuredefined as death from any cause.
The characteristics of the patients and their responses to treatmentwere compared by chi-square tests or Fisher's exact test, dependingon the size of the sample evaluated. The distribution of outcomeswas estimated from the date on which drug therapy was started,with the Kaplan–Meier product-limit method.16 Differencesbetween treatment groups were tested with the log-rank test,17and all reported P values are two-sided. The 95 percent confidenceintervals for responses to treatment and outcomes were calculatedwith standard statistical procedures. The median follow-up atthe time of the current analysis (as of April 1996) was 55 months(range, 13 to 103).
Results
Response to Initial Treatment
Among the 48 patients who received high-dose sequential therapyplus radiotherapy as the initial treatment, 46 (96 percent;95 percent confidence interval, 86 to 99 percent) had completeresponses, and 2 (4 percent) had partial responses.15 Of the50 patients who received MACOP-B plus radiotherapy, 35 (70 percent;95 percent confidence interval, 55 to 82 percent) had completeresponses by the end of the treatment, 13 had partial responses,and 2 had less-than-partial responses or progression of lymphoma.The difference in the rate of complete responses in the twogroups was statistically significant (P = 0.001).
Figure 2 shows that at seven years, the rate of freedom fromprogression of disease was 84 percent (95 percent confidenceinterval, 71 to 97 percent) for the patients receiving high-dosesequential therapy and 49 percent (95 percent confidence interval,32 to 65 percent) for those receiving MACOP-B (P<0.001);the event-free survival was 76 percent (95 percent confidenceinterval, 60 to 89 percent) for the patients receiving high-dosesequential therapy and 49 percent (95 percent confidence interval,32 to 65 percent) for those receiving conventional treatmentwith MACOP-B (P = 0.004). The higher rates of complete remissionand freedom from progression of disease among the patients assignedto high-dose sequential therapy meant that the rate of freedomfrom relapses was higher among these patients (88 percent; 95percent confidence interval, 74 to 100 percent) than among thosereceiving MACOP-B (70 percent; 95 percent confidence interval,50 to 89 percent; P = 0.055). The results of an intention-to-treatanalysis of data from all 101 initially randomized patientswere similar (data not shown).
Figure 2. Kaplan–Meier Plots of Freedom from Disease Progression, Freedom from Relapse, Event-free Survival, and Overall Survival for 48 Patients Initially Assigned to High-Dose Sequential Therapy (HDS) and 50 Assigned to MACOP-B.
The initial number of patients in complete remission and at risk for relapse was 46 for HDS and 35 for MACOP-B. The median follow-up was 55 months. The number of patients at risk is shown below each time point. Percentages at right are for each category of survival (free from disease progression, free from relapse, event-free, and overall) at seven years.
Response to Salvage Treatment
Five patients who initially received high-dose sequential therapydid not have complete responses (two patients) or had relapses(three patients). None of these patients had complete responsesafter salvage treatment with MACOP-B, and all five died becauseof progressive disease. Of the 23 patients who did not haveresponses to initial treatment with MACOP-B or who subsequentlyrelapsed, 6 either refused high-dose salvage therapy or couldnot receive it because of a poor performance status at the timeof crossover, 3 started to receive high-dose salvage therapybut could not receive the full course, and 14 received the fullcourse. Of these 14 patients, 4 remained in complete remissionfor 2.5 to 6 years.
Overall Survival
With a median follow-up of 55 months, there were 9 deaths amongthe patients given high-dose sequential therapy as initial treatmentplus MACOP-B as salvage treatment and 18 deaths among the patientstreated first with MACOP-B, with high-dose sequential therapyas a salvage option. At seven years, the estimated overall survivalwas 81 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 68 to 91 percent)for the patients randomly assigned to receive high-dose sequentialtherapy first, and 55 percent (95 percent confidence interval,36 to 73 percent) for those assigned to MACOP-B. There was atrend toward a significant difference in overall survival betweenthe two treatment groups in favor of the patients receivinghigh-dose sequential therapy as the initial treatment (P = 0.09).
Treatment Characteristics
The median and average duration of the MACOP-B regimen was 13weeks (range, 12 to 16). The duration of high-dose sequentialtherapy varied, because each cycle was delivered as soon asthe patient had recovered from the hematologic and nonhematologictoxic effects of the previously administered drug. The mediantime from the administration of cyclophosphamide to the administrationof melphalan was 55 days (range, 43 to 87), and the median durationof the overall treatment (from the administration of cyclophosphamideto the final hospital discharge) was 12 weeks (range, 9 to 15).The median hospital stay was 48 days (range, 31 to 65). Thelast 13 patients assigned to high-dose sequential therapy completedthe treatment within a median of 10 weeks (range, 9 to 13),with a median hospital stay of 36 days (range, 31 to 47).
Toxic Effects of Treatment
The hematologic and extramedullary toxic effects of treatmentare shown in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively. The toxic effectsof MACOP-B (Table 4) were similar to those reported.5 The patientstreated with high-dose sequential therapy had more toxic reactionsthan those treated with MACOP-B (Table 4), but the incidenceof fatal toxic reactions in the group receiving high-dose sequentialtherapy (8 percent) was similar to that in the MACOP-B group(6 percent). Three second cancers developed: acute myelogenousleukemia (in continuous complete remission 20 months after allogeneicbone marrow transplantation) and bladder cancer in one patienteach in the MACOP-B group and clear-cell carcinoma of the kidneyin one patient assigned to high-dose sequential therapy.
Table 4. Incidence of Extramedullary Toxic Effects in the Two Treatment Groups, According to Toxic Grade.
Discussion
In this comparison of MACOP-B and high-dose sequential therapyfor aggressive B-cell lymphoma, the main exclusion criteriawere an age over 60 years, morphologic evidence of lymphomacells in bone marrow, and liver disease or viral hepatitis.The exclusion of patients with viral hepatitis was promptedby the severe toxic effects on the liver in patients with hepatitisB surface antigen who were treated with the high-dose sequentialregimen as therapy in a pilot study at our institute. All patientsinitially assigned to high-dose sequential therapy receivedone or two cycles of doxorubicin, prednisone, and vincristine,with the aim of achieving rapid cytoreduction and improvingperformance status. When the next phase of high-dose sequentialtherapy began, all the patients had a performance status of0 or 1. All the patients received consolidation radiotherapyin areas of prior lesions greater than 5 cm in diameter or residuallesions.18 Salvage chemotherapy19 was an integral part of thestudy, which was designed to assess the efficacy of high-dosesequential therapy as either initial or salvage treatment. Byall measures used, we found that as initial treatment for large-celllymphoma, high-dose sequential therapy was superior to MACOP-B.Moreover, the superiority of high-dose sequential therapy cannotbe explained by an unbalanced distribution of prognostic factorsbetween the two treatment groups or by poorer-than-anticipatedresults with the MACOP-B regimen.12
The original regimen of high-dose sequential therapy, whichincluded total-body irradiation, was associated with substantialmorbidity and mortality (three patients died because of toxiceffects, and 40 percent of the patients had grade 3 or 4 mucositis),whereas the toxic effects of the regimen without total-bodyirradiation were within the range observed after induction coursesof chemotherapy for acute leukemia. After a median follow-upof more than five years, the only long-lasting toxic effectwas infertility.
Our results with high-dose sequential therapy are in only partialagreement with the findings of other recently reported randomizedtrials.20,21,22,23,24 The differences may be due to the inclusionof patients with widely different histologic features, the useof high-dose regimens with less-than-optimal antilymphoma activity,20and differences in the selection of patients.20 Vitolo et al.24and Haioun et al.21 reported longer disease-free survival inthe high-dose groups in their trials only for patients withlymphoma classified as high–intermediate or high risk.In the study by Verdonck et al.,20 more than half the patientshad lymphoma classified as placing them at low or low–intermediaterisk, according to the international prognostic index.12 Anotherdifference between these studies and ours is that our patientsdid not receive a single course of high-dose chemotherapy, butinstead received multiple courses, which were started as earlyas possible after the diagnosis.25
Supported in part by grants (96-00706-PF39 [to Dr. Gianni] and96-00615-PF39 [to Dr. Pileri]) from the Consiglio Nazionaledelle Ricerche, Rome; Sandoz and Schering–Plough, Basel,Switzerland; and the Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sulCancro, Milan, Italy.
We are indebted to the staff of the blood bank for continuedsupport; to M. Milanesi and F. Malaffo for excellent technicalassistance; and to the nurses, doctors, and laboratory staffat the Istituto Nazionale Tumori and the Cattedra di Ematologiafor their help and the care they provided to patients.
Source Information
From the Cristina Gandini Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, and the Department of Radiotherapy, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (A.M.G., M.B., S.S., C.B., M.D.N., F.L., L.G., F.R., P.V., G.B.); and Cattedra di Ematologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy (C.T., A.P.). Other authors were Angelika C. Stern, Ph.D. (Sandoz Clinical Research, Basel, Switzerland); Michele Magni, M.D. (Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy), and Daniele Caracciolo, M.D. (Cattedra di Ematologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Gianni at Oncologia Medica, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Josting, A., Sieniawski, M., Glossmann, J.-P., Staak, O., Nogova, L., Peters, N., Mapara, M., Dorken, B., Ko, Y., Metzner, B., Kisro, J., Diehl, V., Engert, A.
(2005). High-dose sequential chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in relapsed and refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of a multicenter phase II study. Ann Oncol
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van Imhoff, G. W., van der Holt, B., MacKenzie, M. A., van't Veer, M. B., Wijermans, P. W., Ossenkoppele, G. J., Schouten, H. C., Sonneveld, P., Steijaert, M. M.C., Kluin, P. M., Kluin-Nelemans, H. C., Verdonck, L. F.
(2005). Impact of Three Courses of Intensified CHOP Prior to High-Dose Sequential Therapy Followed by Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation As First-Line Treatment in Poor-Risk, Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Comparative Analysis of Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Group Studies 27 and 40. JCO
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Josting, A., Rudolph, C., Mapara, M., Glossmann, J.-P., Sienawski, M., Sieber, M., Kirchner, H. H., Dorken, B., Hossfeld, D. K., Kisro, J., Metzner, B., Berdel, W. E., Diehl, V., Engert, A.
(2005). Cologne high-dose sequential chemotherapy in relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: results of a large multicenter study of the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (GHSG). Ann Oncol
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(2004). All aggressive lymphoma subtypes do not share similar outcome after front-line autotransplantation: a matched-control analysis by the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA). Ann Oncol
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Mounier, N., Gisselbrecht, C., Briere, J., Haioun, C., Feugier, P., Offner, F., Recher, C., Stamatoullas, A., Morschhauser, F., Macro, M., Thieblemont, C., Sonet, A., Fabiani, B., Reyes, F.
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(2004). Intensive Therapy for Aggressive Lymphoma. NEJM
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Carlo-Stella, C., Di Nicola, M., Milani, R., Guidetti, A., Magni, M., Milanesi, M., Longoni, P., Matteucci, P., Formelli, F., Ravagnani, F., Corradini, P., Gianni, A. M.
(2004). Use of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) plus recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) for the mobilization and collection of CD34+ cells in poor mobilizers. Blood
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Corradini, P., Ladetto, M., Zallio, F., Astolfi, M., Rizzo, E., Sametti, S., Cuttica, A., Rosato, R., Farina, L., Boccadoro, M., Benedetti, F., Pileri, A., Tarella, C.
(2004). Long-Term Follow-Up of Indolent Lymphoma Patients Treated With High-Dose Sequential Chemotherapy and Autografting: Evidence That Durable Molecular and Clinical Remission Frequently Can Be Attained Only in Follicular Subtypes. JCO
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Milpied, N., Deconinck, E., Gaillard, F., Delwail, V., Foussard, C., Berthou, C., Gressin, R., Lucas, V., Colombat, P., Harousseau, J.-L., the Groupe Ouest-Est des Leucemies et des Autres M,
(2004). Initial Treatment of Aggressive Lymphoma with High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Support. NEJM
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(2004). Efficiency of in vivo purging with rituximab prior to autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a single institution study. Ann Oncol
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(2003). Adoptive transfer of costimulated T cells induces lymphocytosis in patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma following CD34+-selected hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood
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(2003). Increasing Chemotherapy Intensity in Aggressive Lymphomas: A Renewal?. JCO
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(2003). Dose-Intense Chemotherapy Every 2 Weeks With Dose-Intense Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone May Improve Survival in Intermediate- and High-Grade Lymphoma: A Phase II Study of the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG 9349). JCO
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(2003). Early Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation Versus Conventional Chemotherapy as Front-Line Therapy in High-Risk, Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: An Italian Multicenter Randomized Trial. JCO
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(2003). A Dose-finding Study of Glycosylated G-CSF (Lenograstim) Combined with CHOP Therapy for Stem Cell Mobilization in Patients with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol
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(2003). High-dose therapy in diffuse large cell lymphoma: results and prognostic factors in 452 patients from the GEL-TAMO Spanish Cooperative Group. Ann Oncol
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Otieno, M. W., Banura, C., Katongole-Mbidde, E., Johnson, J. L., Ghannoum, M., Dowlati, A., Renne, R., Arts, E., Whalen, C., Lederman, M. M., Remick, S. C.
(2002). Therapeutic Challenges of AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the United States and East Africa. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
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(2000). Survival Benefit of High-Dose Therapy in Poor-Risk Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Final Analysis of the Prospective LNH87-2 Protocol--A Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte Study. JCO
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(2000). Gemcitabine Treatment in Pretreated Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Experience in 44 Patients. JCO
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Freedman, A., Neuberg, D., Mauch, P., Gribben, J., Soiffer, R., Anderson, K., Robertson, M., Fisher, D. C., Schlossman, R., Kroon, M., Rhuda, C., Kuhlman, C., Ritz, J., Nadler, L.
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