FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 337:1429-1434 November 13, 1997 Number 20 Next

PDF Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

Most patients with corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome have an adrenal adenoma or carcinoma,¹ but a few have bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Three patients with Cushing's syndrome and corticotropin-independent bilateral adrenal hyperplasia^2,3,4 and two patients with adrenal adenomas^5,6 in whom food stimulated cortisol secretion have been described; the abnormal adrenal tissues in these patients aberrantly overexpressed receptors for gastric inhibitory polypeptide.^6,7 We describe a patient with Cushing's syndrome and corticotropin-independent bilateral adrenal hyperplasia in whom endogenous catecholamines, acting through an ectopic adrenal -adrenergic receptor, stimulated cortisol secretion; the hyperadrenocorticism was inhibited by -blockade.

Case Report

A 56-year-old man presented with a left ileofemoral thrombophlebitis, an 8-kg weight gain, decreased libido, and sleep disturbance. Abdominal computed tomography revealed unsuspected bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (right adrenal gland, 5.2 by 4.0 by 6.0 cm; left adrenal gland, 6.5 by 6.0 by 8.5 cm). Physical examination revealed hypertension and abdominal obesity, but no cervicodorsal fat pads, abdominal striae, or muscle weakness. Urinary cortisol excretion was 711 and 1070 µg (1963 and 2953 nmol) per 24 hours (normal, 18 to 119 µg [50 to 330 nmol] per 24 hours) on two separate days. The patient's plasma corticotropin concentration was 4.3 pg per milliliter (0.86 pmol per liter; normal, 10 to 55 pg per milliliter [2 to 11 pmol per liter]) at 8 a.m. The plasma cortisol concentration was 26.2 µg per deciliter (723 nmol per liter) at 8 a.m. and 18.1 µg per deciliter (499 nmol per liter) on the morning after the administration of 2 mg of dexamethasone at midnight. The plasma aldosterone concentration, measured while the patient was supine, was 5.5 ng per deciliter (153 nmol per liter; normal, 1.0 to 16.0 ng per deciliter [27.7 to 443.8 nmol per liter]), plasma renin activity was 0.43 ng per milliliter per hour (0.12 ng per liter per second; normal, 0.50 to 1.58 ng per milliliter per hour [0.14 to 0.44 ng per liter per second]), and the plasma potassium concentration was 3.7 mmol per liter.

Methods

Clinical Studies

The studies were approved by the institutional review committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Plasma corticotropin, cortisol, and aldosterone were measured after an overnight fast and every 30 to 60 minutes for up to 3 hours after changes in posture, intake of food or water, and the administration of several hormones and drugs.

Assays

Plasma cortisol was measured by an immunofluorometric assay (Technicon Immuno I, Bayer, Tarrytown, N.Y.), corticotropin by an immunoradiometric assay (Allegro, Nichols Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, Calif.), and aldosterone, renin, and vasopressin by a radioimmunoassay.

-Adrenergic–Receptor Binding and Adenylyl Cyclase Assays

Membranes from adrenocortical tissues from the patient and from three patients who underwent adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease or radical nephrectomy were prepared as described previously.⁸ The binding of 2400 pM ¹²⁵I-labeled cyanopindolol (a nonselective -adrenergic antagonist) was measured in triplicate with 15 µg of membrane protein in the presence or absence of 10 µM alprenolol (to detect nonspecific binding). For experiments analyzing competitive binding, tubes containing 50 pM ¹²⁵I-labeled cyanopindolol and 0 to 100 µM alprenolol, CGP-12177A (a selective ₃-adrenergic agonist), propranolol, or pindolol were incubated for 90 minutes at room temperature followed by filtration with ice-cold 25 mM TRIS–hydrochloric acid (pH 7.4) over Whatman GF/C filters (Whatman, Clifton, N.J.). Data were analyzed by nonlinear least-squares regression analysis (Scatfit program).

Adenylyl cyclase activity⁹ was measured with 5 µg of membrane protein in a 50-µl solution containing 120 µM ATP, 1 µCi [-³²P]ATP, 100 µM cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 53 µM guanosine triphosphate, 2.8 mM phosphoenolpyruvate, 0.2 U of pyruvate kinase, 1 U of myokinase, 30 mM TRIS–hydrochloric acid (pH 7.4), 2 mM magnesium chloride, 0.8 mM EDTA, and 0.1 mM isobutylmethylxanthine in the absence or presence of 1 nM to 0.1 mM isoproterenol, 100 µM forskolin, or 10 mM sodium fluoride for 15 minutes at 37°C. Reactions were terminated by the addition of an ice-cold solution containing 0.4 mM ATP, 0.3 mM cAMP, and 20,000 cpm of [³H]cAMP; cAMP was separated by sequential chromatography and quantitated by ligand scintigraphy.

Results

In Vivo Studies

Stimulation tests were performed to identify a modulator of cortisol production in the patient. A change from supine to upright posture increased plasma cortisol concentrations (Table 1 and Figure 1), heart rate, and plasma aldosterone concentrations (from 2.8 to 20.5 ng per deciliter [79 to 569 pmol per liter]) but had no effect on plasma corticotropin concentrations or plasma renin activity. During insulin-induced hypoglycemia, the plasma cortisol concentration doubled (Table 1), but the corticotropin concentration remained below 4 pg per milliliter (0.8 pmol per liter).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Modulation of Cortisol Secretion in a Patient with Cushing's Syndrome and Corticotropin-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia.

 

View larger version (3K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Effects of Posture on Plasma Cortisol Concentrations in a Patient with Cushing's Syndrome and Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia. Plasma cortisol was measured at the indicated time points when the patient was supine and upright. The tests were performed on different days after an overnight fast; the patient was supine for at least 120 minutes before standing, either without premedication, after the oral administration of 600 mg of the V1-vasopressin–receptor antagonist SR 49059, after the oral administration of 50 mg of captopril, or after treatment with 80 mg of propranolol orally every 6 hours for 36 hours. To convert values for plasma cortisol to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 27.59.

 
The plasma cortisol concentration also increased after the administration of arginine vasopressin (Table 1) but not after desmopressin; the plasma corticotropin concentration did not change after the administration of arginine vasopressin. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not change after an oral water load (20 ml per kilogram of body weight), which inhibited the secretion of vasopressin. During a two-hour infusion of 3 percent sodium chloride, plasma vasopressin concentrations increased, but plasma cortisol concentrations did not. Oral administration of the V₁-vasopressin–receptor antagonist SR 49059, with the patient in the supine position, inhibited the increase in plasma cortisol concentrations stimulated by arginine vasopressin, but did not block the increase in plasma cortisol concentrations stimulated by having the patient stand (Figure 1). Oral administration of the angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor captopril (50 mg) also did not block this posture-stimulated increase in plasma cortisol (Figure 1) and aldosterone concentrations.

In contrast, pretreatment with the -adrenergic–antagonist propranolol did block the increase in plasma cortisol concentrations stimulated by having the patient stand (Figure 1). During a treadmill stress test, the plasma cortisol concentration increased from 18.8 to 29.3 µg per deciliter (519 to 811 nmol per liter), plasma aldosterone increased from 3.2 to 14.4 ng per milliliter (89 to 401 pmol per liter), plasma epinephrine increased from 0.57 to 15.71 pg per deciliter (311 to 8574 pmol per liter), and plasma norepinephrine increased from 3.74 to 67.22 pg per deciliter (2.21 to 39.73 nmol per liter), with no changes in plasma corticotropin or renin values. An infusion of isoproterenol increased plasma cortisol (Figure 2) and aldosterone concentrations (5.8 to 12.6 ng per deciliter [161 to 349 pmol per liter]) by factors of 2.1 and 2.2, respectively. In contrast, plasma cortisol concentrations did not change during isoproterenol infusion in two normal subjects in whom corticotropin secretion was suppressed by dexamethasone.

View larger version (4K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Changes in the Heart Rate and Plasma Cortisol Concentrations during the Infusion of Isoproterenol in a Patient with Cushing's Syndrome and Corticotropin-Independent Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia and Two Normal Subjects. The values were obtained while the subjects were supine. The normal subjects had received 0.5 mg of dexamethasone orally every 6 hours for 48 hours to inhibit the secretion of corticotropin. Isoproterenol was given intravenously in a dose of 20 ng per kilogram of body weight per minute (shaded area) for 30 minutes; in the patient, the dose was decreased to 10 ng per kilogram per minute during the last 10 minutes because of an increase in blood pressure. To convert values for plasma cortisol to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 27.59.

 
During these studies, urinary cortisol excretion ranged from 356 to 991 µg (983 to 2736 nmol) per 24 hours; the higher values coincided either with the administration of cosyntropin or with endogenous or exogenous stimulation of catecholamine secretion, such as is caused by insulin-induced hypoglycemia, petrosal-sinus sampling, treadmill stress testing, or isoproterenol infusion. Short-term and long-term (35 days) treatment with propranolol decreased the patient's urinary cortisol excretion to 222 to 425 µg (612 to 1173 nmol) per 24 hours. Because cortisol excretion remained two to three times normal, the larger left adrenal gland was removed. Propranolol was stopped three days before surgery, after which urinary cortisol excretion increased rapidly to 5670 µg (15,645 nmol) per 24 hours. The value was 3024 µg (8345 nmol) per 24 hours four days after adrenalectomy. Propranolol therapy was resumed, after which urinary cortisol excretion decreased rapidly (Figure 3).

View larger version (9K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Urinary Cortisol Excretion in a Patient with Cushing's Syndrome and Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia during the Initial Studies and Treatment (Upper Panel) and after Left Adrenalectomy (Lower Panel). The daily doses of -adrenergic antagonists are shown; the shaded areas indicate normal urinary cortisol values (18 to 119 µg per 24 hours). To convert values for urinary cortisol to nanomoles per day, multiply by 2.759.

 
Because of low urinary cortisol values, the daily dose of propranolol was progressively reduced from 320 mg to 20 mg. During this period, the patient's blood pressure was normal, his plasma cortisol concentrations ranged from 3.4 to 6.8 µg per deciliter (95 to 189 nmol per liter) with no diurnal variation, and he had fatigue in the morning. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia increased the plasma cortisol concentration from 5.3 to 15.9 µg per deciliter (147 to 438 nmol per liter) while the plasma corticotropin concentration remained low. Long-term treatment with 20 mg of propranolol daily and 5 mg of hydrocortisone at 6 a.m. daily beginning in mid-August 1996 improved the patient's feeling of well-being and resulted in normal urinary cortisol excretion (74 to 109 µg [205 to 303 nmol] per 24 hours).

Twelve months later, slight elevations in blood pressure led to an increase in the dose of propranolol to 30 mg twice daily. Seventeen months after adrenalectomy, urinary cortisol excretion increased to 155 to 163 µg (428 to 451 nmol) per 24 hours, and hydrocortisone and propranolol were discontinued. The corticotropin-independent stimulation of plasma cortisol induced by having the patient stand and by insulin-induced hypoglycemia was still present. Urinary cortisol excretion decreased to normal after the dose of propranolol was increased to 120 mg twice daily. Abdominal computed tomography performed 6 and 18 months after adrenalectomy revealed no change in the size of the right adrenal gland.

In Vitro Studies

At adrenalectomy, the left adrenal gland measured 13.5 by 8.0 by 4.5 cm, weighed 204 g, and was characterized entirely by macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. No internodular atrophy was detected on histologic examination.

-Adrenergic–Receptor Binding

Studies of the patient's adrenal membranes revealed saturable binding of ¹²⁵I-labeled cyanopindolol, with a mean (±SE) K_d of 211±21 pM and a maximal binding capacity of 104±32 fmol per milligram of protein. Competitive binding studies revealed distinct high-affinity and low-affinity binding sites. About 20 percent of all sites were high-affinity sites (approximately 21 fmol per milligram of protein); the affinities (K_d for alprenolol, 2.0 nM; K_d for CGP-12177A, 3.8 nM; K_d for propranolol, 12.0 nM; and K_d for pindolol, 18.6 nM) are similar to those reported for the ₁-adrenergic and ₂-adrenergic receptors, but not the ₃-adrenergic receptors.^10,11,12,13 The low-affinity sites (K_d, 2060 to 34,410 nM) did not correspond to any known adrenergic receptor. Although saturable binding was present in adrenal tissue from one control patient with Cushing's disease (K_d, 182 pM; maximal binding capacity, 75 fmol per milligram of protein), competitive binding studies with antagonists revealed only one class of low-affinity sites in the three control samples of adrenal glands, which were not compatible with any -adrenergic receptor.

Adrenal-Membrane Adenylyl Cyclase Activity

Isoproterenol stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in a dose-dependent fashion in adrenal membranes from the patient (basal, 25.2 pmol per minute per milligram of protein; after 100 µM isoproterenol, 52.6 pmol per minute per milligram of protein), but not from a patient with Cushing's disease (basal, 17.1 pmol per minute per milligram of protein; after 100 µM isoproterenol, 18.8 pmol per minute per milligram of protein). Sodium fluoride or forskolin stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity to the same extent in adrenal membranes from both patients.

Discussion

The corticotropin-independent stimulation of cortisol produced by upright posture, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and stress in this patient led to the recognition that cortisol secretion was stimulated by the activation of -adrenergic receptors. We found a striking correlation between increased cortisol secretion and situations in which endogenous catecholamines are increased, such as insulin-induced hypoglycemia, petrosal-sinus sampling, and treadmill stress testing, suggesting that catecholamines caused the patient's hyperadrenocorticism. This theory was supported by the finding of a reduced plasma cortisol response to upright posture during propranolol treatment and the increase in plasma cortisol during isoproterenol infusion. The actions of catecholamines are mediated by -adrenergic and -adrenergic receptors. The absence of an effect of isoproterenol infusion on cortisol secretion in normal subjects receiving dexamethasone indicates that -adrenergic receptors are not normally coupled to cortisol secretion. Functional -adrenergic receptors have been described in adrenal adenomas or carcinomas in vitro, but not in normal human adrenal cortex.^{14,15,16,17,18} We detected high-affinity binding sites compatible with ₂-adrenergic or ₁-adrenergic receptors^10,11,12,13 in adrenal tissue from our patient, but not from controls; its effective coupling to G proteins and adenylyl cyclase was demonstrated by the stimulation of cAMP in vitro and steroidogenesis in vivo. It is not known whether the structure of this ectopic -adrenergic receptor is normal or mutated.

Adrenocortical tumors have been shown in vitro to have ectopic receptors for several hormones,^14,16,19,20 but their role in stimulating adrenal hormone secretion in vivo has rarely been examined. In contrast, activation of overexpressed adrenal receptors for gastric inhibitory polypeptide can cause Cushing's syndrome.^2,3,4,5,6,7 Corticotropin-independent stimulation of cortisol secretion after administration of vasopressin was found in this patient and in other patients with adrenal Cushing's syndrome^21,22,23; this process is mediated by a V₁-vasopressin receptor. However, the absence of changes in plasma cortisol concentrations during changes in endogenous vasopressin secretion and the inability to block the plasma cortisol response to upright posture with an antagonist of V₁-vasopressin receptor demonstrate that vasopressin was not an important regulator of steroidogenesis in this patient. The bilateral nature of the adrenal hyperplasia in patients with Cushing's syndrome regulated by gastric inhibitory polypeptide^2,3,4 and vasopressin^21,23 or in this patient suggests that the respective putative mutations occurred during early embryogenesis; somatic mutations would be expected to cause solitary adenomas.^5,6,22

The demonstration that catecholamines were the main modulators of cortisol secretion led us to treat the patient with propranolol. It proved effective; the need for a progressive decrease in the dose could have been due to its inverse agonist activity,²⁴ which eventually decreased the number of receptors. The expression of ₂-adrenergic receptors is transcriptionally stimulated by glucocorticoids^25,26 by means of glucocorticoid hormone-response elements in their promoter regions.^27,28 Control of hyperadrenocorticism may have decreased the number of -adrenergic receptors and the requirement for propranolol. The size of the adrenal glands was not decreased by propranolol, but such an effect may require more complete blockade.

In conclusion, we propose that ectopic expression of -adrenergic receptors in both adrenal cortices in this patient led to catecholamine-modulated nodular hyperplasia, hypersecretion of cortisol and aldosterone, and feedback suppression of the corticotropin–adrenal and renin–angiotensin axes. These findings lend support to the broader hypothesis that corticotropin-independent adrenal hyperplasia or tumors may be due to diverse ectopic hormone receptors, and this may lead to new pharmacologic therapies.

Supported by grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada to Drs. Lacroix, Tremblay, and Hamet (MA 13189) and to Dr. Bouvier (MT 10501).

We are indebted to Dany Rioux, M.D., for patient referral; to the patient for his cooperation with these studies; to Marie-Thérèse Caron, R.N., Marthe Ménard, R.N., Danièle De Guise, R.N., and Sylvie Blaquière, R.N., for conducting the endocrine testing; to Edouard Bolté, M.D., and Jean Cusson, M.D., for helpful discussions; to the endocrine laboratory staff for hormone assays; to Michel Gagner, M.D., for surgery; to Alain Marion, M.D., for pathology studies; to Rémi Brouard, M.D., from Sanofi Recherche, Montpellier, France, for providing the SR 49059; to Suzanne Cossette and Hélène Bonin for technical assistance; and to Roger Duclos, Sylvie Sauvé, Susanne Bordeleau-Chénier, and Marie-France Lepage for assistance in preparing the figures and the manuscript.

Source Information

From the Division of Endocrinology and the Department of Medicine, Research Center, Pavillon Hôtel-Dieu, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (A.L., J.T., P.H.), and the Research Group on the Autonomic Nervous System, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal (G.R., M.B.) — both in Montreal.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Lacroix at the Research Center, Pavillon Hôtel-Dieu, CHUM, 3850 St.-Urbain, Montreal, QC H2W 1T8, Canada.

References

1. Nieman L, Cutler GB Jr. Cushing's syndrome. In: DeGroot LJ, Besser M, Burger HG, et al., eds. Endocrinology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1995:1741-69. 
2. Lacroix A, Bolté E, Tremblay J, et al. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide-dependent cortisol hypersecretion -- a new cause of Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992;327:974-980. [Abstract]
3. Reznik Y, Allali-Zerah V, Chayvialle JA, et al. Food-dependent Cushing's syndrome mediated by aberrant adrenal sensitivity to gastric inhibitory polypeptide. N Engl J Med 1992;327:981-986. [Abstract]
4. Archambeaud-Mouveroux F, Comas JM, Tessier MP, et al. Food-dependent Cushing's syndrome associated with the Carney complex. In: Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of the International Endocrine Society, San Francisco, June 12–15, 1996. Bethesda, Md.: Endocrine Society Press, 1996:899. abstract.
5. Hamet P, Larochelle P, Franks DJ, Cartier P, Bolté E. Cushing syndrome with food-dependent periodic hormonogenesis. Clin Invest Med 1987;10:530-533. [Medline]
6. de Herder WW, Hofland LJ, Usdin TB, et al. Food-dependent Cushing's syndrome resulting from abundant expression of gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptors in adrenal adenoma cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:3168-3172. [Abstract]
7. N'Diaye N, Tremblay J, de Herder WW, Hamet P, Lacroix A. Adrenal overexpression of gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor underlies food-dependent Cushing's syndrome. In: Program and abstracts of the 79th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Minneapolis, June 11–14, 1997. Bethesda, Md.: Endocrine Society Press, 1997:304. abstract.
8. Bouvier M, Hnatowich M, Collins S, et al. Expression of a human cDNA encoding the ₂-adrenergic receptor in Chinese hamster fibroblasts (CHW): functionality and regulation of the expressed receptors. Mol Pharmacol 1988;33:133-139. [Abstract]
9. Salomon Y, Londos C, Rodbell M. A highly sensitive adenylate cyclase assay. Anal Biochem 1974;58:541-548. [CrossRef][Medline]
10. Hieble JP, Ruffolo RR. Subclassification of the -adrenoceptors. Pharmacol Commun 1995;6:183-93.
11. Suzuki T, Nguyen CT, Nantel F, et al. Distinct regulation of ₁- and ₂-adrenergic receptors in Chinese hamster fibroblasts. Mol Pharmacol 1992;41:542-548. [Abstract]
12. Blin N, Camoin L, Maigret B, Strosberg AD. Structural and conformational features determining selective signal transduction in the ₃-adrenergic receptor. Mol Pharmacol 1993;44:1094-1104. [Abstract]
13. Nantel F, Bonin H, Emorine LJ, et al. The human ₃-adrenergic receptor is resistant to short term agonist-promoted desensitization. Mol Pharmacol 1993;43:548-555. [Abstract]
14. Hinshaw HT, Ney RL. Abnormal hormonal control in the neoplastic adrenal cortex. In: McKerns KW, ed. Hormones and cancer. New York: Academic Press, 1974:309-27.
15. Williams LT, Gore TB, Lefkowitz RJ. Ectopic -adrenergic receptor binding sites: possible molecular basis of aberrant catecholamine responsiveness of an adrenocortical tumor adenylate cyclase. J Clin Invest 1977;59:319-324.
16. Matsukura S, Kakita T, Sueoka S, et al. Multiple hormone receptors in the adenylate cyclase of human adrenocortical tumors. Cancer Res 1980;40:3768-3771. [Free Full Text]
17. Hirata Y, Uchihashi M, Sueoka S, Matsukura S, Fujita T. Presence of ectopic -adrenergic receptors on human adrenocortical cortisol-producing adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;53:953-957. [Abstract]
18. Katz MS, Kelly TM, Dax EM, Pineyro MA, Partilla JS, Gregerman RI. Ectopic -adrenergic receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase in human adrenocortical carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:900-909. [Abstract]
19. Millington DS, Golder MP, Cowley T, et al. In vitro synthesis of steroids by a feminising adrenocortical carcinoma: effect of prolactin and other protein hormones. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh) 1977;59:319-324. 
20. Leinonen P, Ranta T, Siegberg R, Pelkonen R, Heikkilä P, Kahri A. Testosterone-secreting virilizing adrenal adenoma with human chorionic gonadotrophin receptors and 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991;34:31-35. [Medline]
21. Lacroix A, Tremblay J, Touyz RM, et al. Abnormal adrenal and vascular responses to vasopressin mediated by a V₁-vasopressin receptor in a patient with adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing's syndrome, and orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2414-2422. [Free Full Text]
22. Perraudin V, Delarue C, De Keyzer Y, et al. Vasopressin-responsive adrenocortical tumor in a mild Cushing's syndrome: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2661-2667. [Abstract]
23. Horiba N, Suda T, Aiba M, et al. Lysine vasopressin stimulation of cortisol secretion in patients with adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2336-2341. [Abstract]
24. Chidiac P, Hebert TE, Valiquette M, Dennis M, Bouvier M. Inverse agonist activity of -adrenergic antagonists. Mol Pharmacol 1994;45:490-499. [Abstract]
25. Mak JCW, Nishikawa M, Barnes PJ. Glucocorticoids increase ₂-adrenergic receptor transcription in human lung. Am J Physiol 1995;268:L41-L46. [Free Full Text]
26. Fève B, Emorine L-J, Biend-Sutren M-M, Lasnier F, Strosberg AD, Pairault J. Differential regulation of ₁- and ₂-adrenergic receptor protein and mRNA levels by glucocorticoids during 3T3-F442A adipose differentiation. J Biol Chem 1990;265:16343-16349. [Free Full Text]
27. Malbon CC, Hadcock JR. Evidence that glucocorticoid response elements in the 5'-noncoding region of the hamster ₂-adrenergic receptor gene are obligate for glucocorticoid regulation of receptor mRNA levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988;154:676-681. [CrossRef][Medline]
28. Kobilka BK, Frielle T, Dohlman HG, et al. Delineation of the intronless nature of the genes for the human and hamster ₂-adrenergic receptor and their putative promoter regions. J Biol Chem 1987;262:7321-7327. [Free Full Text]

PDF Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Vezzosi, D, Cartier, D, Regnier, C, Otal, P, Bennet, A, Parmentier, F, Plantavid, M, Lacroix, A, Lefebvre, H, Caron, P (2007). Familial adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with aberrant serotonin and vasopressin adrenal receptors. Eur J Endocrinol 156: 21-31 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Louiset, E., Contesse, V., Groussin, L., Cartier, D., Duparc, C., Barrande, G., Bertherat, J., Vaudry, H., Lefebvre, H. (2006). Expression of Serotonin7 Receptor and Coupling of Ectopic Receptors to Protein Kinase A and Ionic Currents in Adrenocorticotropin-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia Causing Cushing's Syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 4578-4586 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Swords, F. M., Aylwin, S., Perry, L., Arola, J., Grossman, A. B., Monson, J. P., Clark, A. J. L. (2005). The Aberrant Expression of the Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) Receptor in Adrenal Hyperplasia: Does Chronic Adrenocorticotropin Exposure Stimulate Up-Regulation of GIP Receptors in Cushing's Disease?. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 3009-3016 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dluhy, R. G., Maher, M. M., Wu, C.-L. (2005). Case 7-2005 - A 59-Year-Old Woman with an Incidentally Discovered Adrenal Nodule. NEJM 352: 1025-1032 [Full Text]  
• Bertherat, J., Contesse, V., Louiset, E., Barrande, G., Duparc, C., Groussin, L., Emy, P., Bertagna, X., Kuhn, J.-M., Vaudry, H., Lefebvre, H. (2005). In Vivo and in Vitro Screening for Illegitimate Receptors in Adrenocorticotropin-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia Causing Cushing's Syndrome: Identification of Two Cases of Gonadotropin/Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide-Dependent Hypercortisolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 1302-1310 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mannelli, M., Ferruzzi, P., Luciani, P., Crescioli, C., Buci, L., Corona, G., Serio, M., Peri, A. (2003). Cushing's Syndrome in a Patient with Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia Responding to Cisapride: An in Vivo and in Vitro Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 4616-4622 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fragoso, M. C. B. V., Domenice, S., Latronico, A. C., Martin, R. M., Pereira, M. A. A., Zerbini, M. C. N., Lucon, A. M., Mendonca, B. B. (2003). Cushing's Syndrome Secondary to Adrenocorticotropin-Independent Macronodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia due to Activating Mutations of GNAS1 Gene. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 2147-2151 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mune, T., Murase, H., Yamakita, N., Fukuda, T., Murayama, M., Miura, A., Suwa, T., Hanafusa, J., Daido, H., Morita, H., Yasuda, K. (2002). Eutopic Overexpression of Vasopressin V1a Receptor in Adrenocorticotropin-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87: 5706-5713 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bourdeau, I., D'Amour, P., Hamet, P., Boutin, J.-M., Lacroix, A. (2001). Aberrant Membrane Hormone Receptors in Incidentally Discovered Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia with Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 5534-5540 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hiroi, N., Chrousos, G. P., Kohn, B., Lafferty, A., Abu-Asab, M., Bonat, S., White, A., Bornstein, S. R. (2001). Adrenocortical-Pituitary Hybrid Tumor Causing Cushing's Syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 2631-2637 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lacroix, A., N'Diaye, N., Tremblay, J., Hamet, P. (2001). Ectopic and Abnormal Hormone Receptors in Adrenal Cushing's Syndrome. Endocr. Rev. 22: 75-110 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tsagarakis, S., Tsigos, C., Vassiliou, V., Tsiotra, P., Pratsinis, H., Kletsas, D., Trivizas, P., Nikou, A., Mavromatis, T., Sotsiou, F., Raptis, S., Thalassinos, N. (2001). Food-Dependent Androgen and Cortisol Secretion by a Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide-Receptor Expressive Adrenocortical Adenoma Leading to Hirsutism and Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome: In Vivo and in Vitro Studies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 583-589 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mircescu, H., Jilwan, J., N'Diaye, N., Bourdeau, I., Tremblay, J., Hamet, P., Lacroix, A. (2000). Are Ectopic or Abnormal Membrane Hormone Receptors Frequently Present in Adrenal Cushing's Syndrome?. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 3531-3536 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Groussin, L., Massias, J. F., Bertagna, X., Bertherat, J. (2000). Loss of Expression of the Ubiquitous Transcription Factor cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein (CREB) and Compensatory Overexpression of the Activator CREM{tau} in the Human Adrenocortical Cancer Cell Line H295R. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 345-354 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lacroix, A., Hamet, P., Boutin, J.-M. (1999). Leuprolide Acetate Therapy in Luteinizing Hormone-Dependent Cushing's Syndrome. NEJM 341: 1577-1581 [Full Text]  
• Pralong, F. P., Gomez, F., Guillou, L., Mosimann, F., Franscella, S., Gaillard, R. C. (1999). Food-Dependent Cushing's Syndrome: Possible Involvement of Leptin in Cortisol Hypersecretion. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 3817-3822 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• N’Diaye, N., Hamet, P., Tremblay, J., Boutin, J.-M., Gaboury, L., Lacroix, A. (1999). Asynchronous Development of Bilateral Nodular Adrenal Hyperplasia in Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide-Dependent Cushing's Syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 2616-2622 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bornstein, S. R., Stratakis, C. A., Chrousos, G. P. (1999). Adrenocortical Tumors: Recent Advances in Basic Concepts and Clinical Management. ANN INTERN MED 130: 759-771 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stratakis, C. A., Carney, J. A., Kirschner, L. S., S. Willenberg, H., Brauer, S., Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., R. Bornstein, S. (1999). Synaptophysin Immunoreactivity in Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease: Neuroendocrine Properties of Tumors Associated with Carney Complex. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 1122-1128 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Newell-Price, J., Trainer, P., Besser, M., Grossman, A. (1998). The Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome and Pseudo-Cushing's States. Endocr. Rev. 19: 647-672 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lacroix, A. (1998). Five-Year Experience with Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy at Hotel-Dieu in Montreal: Endocrinologist's Perspective. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 3043-3046 [Full Text]  
• Chabre, O., Liakos, P., Vivier, J., Chaffanjon, P., Labat-Moleur, F., Martinie, M., Bottari, S. P., Bachelot, I., Chambaz, E. M., Defaye, G., Feige, J.-J. (1998). Cushing's Syndrome due to a Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide-Dependent Adrenal Adenoma: Insights into Hormonal Control of Adrenocortical Tumorigenesis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 3134-3143 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• N’Diaye, N., Tremblay, J., Hamet, P., De Herder, W. W., Lacroix, A. (1998). Adrenocortical Overexpression of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Receptor Underlies Food-Dependent Cushing's Syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 2781-2785 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Willenberg, H. S., Stratakis, C. A., Marx, C., Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., Chrousos, G. P., Bornstein, S. R. (1998). Aberrant Interleukin-1 Receptors in a Cortisol-Secreting Adrenal Adenoma Causing Cushing's Syndrome. NEJM 339: 27-31 [Full Text]  
• Arnaldi, G., Gasc, J.-M., de Keyzer, Y., Raffin-Sanson, M.-L., Perraudin, V., Kuhn, J.-M., Raux-Demay, M.-C., Luton, J.-P., Clauser, E., Bertagna, X. (1998). Variable Expression of the V1 Vasopressin Receptor Modulates the Phenotypic Response of Steroid-Secreting Adrenocortical Tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 2029-2035 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., Hinson, J. P., Bornstein, S. R., Scherbaum, W. A., Vinson, G. P. (1998). Intraadrenal Interactions in the Regulation of Adrenocortical Steroidogenesis. Endocr. Rev. 19: 101-143 [Abstract] [Full Text]