Background Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is highlyprevalent in sexually active young women. However, precise riskfactors for HPV infection and its incidence and duration arenot well known.
Methods We followed 608 college women at six-month intervalsfor three years. At each visit, we collected information aboutlifestyle and sexual behavior and obtained cervicovaginal-lavagesamples for the detection of HPV DNA by polymerase chain reactionand Southern blot hybridization. Pap smears were obtained annually.
Results The cumulative 36-month incidence of HPV infection was43 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 36 to 49 percent).An increased risk of HPV infection was significantly associatedwith younger age, Hispanic ethnicity, black race, an increasednumber of vaginal-sex partners, high frequencies of vaginalsex and alcohol consumption, anal sex, and certain characteristicsof partners (regular partners having an increased number oflifetime partners and not being in school). The median durationof new infections was 8 months (95 percent confidence interval,7 to 10 months). The persistence of HPV for >6 months wasrelated to older age, types of HPV associated with cervicalcancer, and infection with multiple types of HPV but not withsmoking. The risk of an abnormal Pap smear increased with persistentHPV infection, particularly with high-risk types (relative risk,37.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 14.6 to 94.8).
Conclusions The incidence of HPV infection in sexually activeyoung college women is high. The short duration of most HPVinfections in these women suggests that the associated cervicaldysplasia should be managed conservatively.
Genital infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is one ofthe most common sexually transmitted diseases, its prevalencein young women ranging from 20 to 46 percent in various countries.1,2,3,4,5The effect of this infection on public health is compoundedby the recognized causal relations between genital HPV infectionand cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer.6,7,8 Informationabout the natural history of HPV infection, however, is limited.Although there are numerous cross-sectional studies of its prevalence,1,3,4,9the probability of acquiring this infection and the risk factorsfor it are not known. Some studies have concluded that genitalHPV infection is mainly transient, but they were based on smallnumbers and only two points in time.10,11,12,13,14 Specifictypes of HPV are associated with cervical cancer,15 but whetherthese high-risk types have natural histories that are differentfrom those of other types not associated with cervical canceris unknown. This prospective study was conducted to addressthese questions.
Methods
Through campuswide advertisements, we recruited and enrolled608 female students from a state university in New Brunswick,New Jersey. As reported previously, their mean (±SD)age was 20±3 years, and the racial and ethnic distributionwas 57 percent white, 13 percent Hispanic, 12 percent black,and 18 percent other.1 The prevalence of HPV infection at baseline was 26 percent. The women were followed at six-month intervalsfor a maximum of three years. At each visit, a questionnaireon lifestyle and sexual behavior was completed, and cervicovaginallavage was done.16,17 A pelvic examination, including a Papsmear, was performed at base line and annually thereafter. The608 women were seen a total of 2971 times (median, 5 visitseach) during an average of 2.2 years of follow-up (maximum,3.4 years). The median number of months between two consecutivefollow-up visits was 6 (range, 3 to 24), and 89 percent of thefollow-up visits were completed within 5 to 7 months after theprevious visit. The study protocol was approved by the institutionalreview board of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, andinformed consent was obtained from all the women.
Detection of HPV DNA
Exfoliated cervicovaginal cells were obtained by lavage fordetermination and typing of HPV by the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and Southern blot hybridization as previously described.1,16,17The HPV DNA fragments amplified by PCR that did not hybridizeto any type-specific probes were considered to represent "uncharacterized"HPV types. A sample was considered positive for HPV if eitherthe PCR or the Southern blot assay was positive, and negativeif both assays were negative. No lavage samples were obtainedduring 14 of the 2971 visits, and the samples from another 63visits were Southern blot–negative without PCR results;hence, the samples from 77 visits (3 percent) had indeterminateHPV results.
HPV types determined by PCR and Southern blot assay were combinedinto two groups: "high-risk" types known to be associated withcervical cancer (types 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52,56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and W13b) and all other types.15 Sixteenof the 296 women (5 percent) in whom HPV DNA was ever detectedhad fluctuations in type — i.e., negativity for a specifictype flanked by positivity. In the data analyses, these fluctuationswere treated as loss of infection and then reinfection withthat specific type.
Statistical Analysis
We estimated the cumulative probabilities of acquiring and losingan incident HPV infection and having an incident cytologic abnormalityby the Kaplan–Meier method. The time of the event wasestimated as the midpoint between visits. All P values presentedare two-sided.
For the non–type-specific incidence of HPV, the resultsin the 399 women who were HPV-negative at base line and whohad at least one follow-up visit were analyzed. Time-dependentproportional-hazards regression analysis was performed to identifyindependent risk factors for incident HPV infection. The incidenceof a specific HPV type was analyzed in the women who at baseline were either HPV-negative or positive for other types.
For the duration of HPV infection, data on the 175 women whohad a new HPV-type–specific infection and at least onesubsequent follow-up visit were analyzed. A woman was consideredto have a persistent infection if at least one of the typescontinued to be detected at subsequent visits. For the durationof infection with a specific type of HPV, only the women witha new infection of that type were included. To identify riskfactors for persistent HPV infection, a generalized linear regressionmodel with a generalized estimating-equation approach was used.18,19The HPV results of every two consecutive visits of a woman weregrouped as a pair, as previously described.6 The outcome wasclassified as persistence when at least one of the types detectedat the previous visit was detected at the next visit, and asresolution when none of the types from the previous visit weredetected at the next visit. Because the majority of follow-upvisits were completed within the 6-month intervals, this analyticapproach defined persistent HPV infection as infection withthe same type or types for >6 months.
For analysis of the incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesions,the 443 women whose HPV status was known and who had normalPap smears at base line, excluding atypia, and at least onefollow-up visit were included. The relation between HPV infectionand the incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesions was examinedby time-dependent proportional-hazards regression analysis.
Results
Incidence of HPV
The cumulative 36-month incidence of HPV infection in the womenwho were HPV-negative at base line was 43 percent (95 percentconfidence interval, 36 to 49 percent). The incidence tendedto decrease with time; it was 20 percent in the first 12 months,as compared with 14 percent and 9 percent in the second andthird 12-month periods, respectively.
The 20 types of HPV for which the 24-month cumulative incidenceswere >2 percent are listed in Table 1. The incidences ofHPV types 51, 66, 16, PAP155, 6, 18, and 59 were the highest(>4 percent). The mean (±SD) 24-month cumulative incidenceof the 16 high-risk types of HPV was 3±2 percent, ascompared with 2±2 percent among the 19 other HPV types,excluding the uncharacterized types (P = 0.26).
Table 1. Cumulative 24-Month Incidence and Median Duration of Infection with Specific Types of HPV in College Women.
An increased risk of incident HPV infection was associated withyounger age, membership in a racial or ethnic minority group,and increased frequency of alcohol consumption (Table 2). Therisk of HPV detection at a given visit was associated with thenumbers of vaginal-sex partners both in the previous 6 monthsand in the previous 7 to 12 months. The women who had had atleast one regular partner since the previous visit had an increasedlikelihood of acquiring an HPV infection if the partner wassexually promiscuous or not currently in school, or if the womanand her partner were having anal sex or a high frequency ofvaginal sex.
Table 2. Risk Factors for Incident HPV Infection in College Women.
Duration of HPV Infection
The median duration of HPV infection was 8 months (95 percentconfidence interval, 7 to 10). By 12 months after the incidentinfection, 70 percent of the women were no longer infected,and by 24 months only 9 percent continued to be infected. Thefive types of HPV associated with the longest median durationof infection were AE7, 61, 18, 16, and 73 (Table 1).
The risk factors for persistent HPV infection of >6 monthswere older age, infection with multiple types of HPV, and infectionwith a high-risk type at the previous visit (Table 3). A womanwith a newly acquired HPV infection was unlikely to have thesame infection six months later; the longer an infection persistedfrom previous visits the more likely it was to continue to persist.Cigarette smoking was protective against persistent infection.
Table 3. Risk Factors for Persistence of HPV Infection for >6 Months in College Women.
Incidence of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
Thirty-one incident cases of squamous intraepithelial lesionswere diagnosed by cytology, of which two were high-grade lesions.The women who had been HPV-positive at base line were threetimes as likely to have an incident squamous intraepitheliallesion as the HPV-negative women (95 percent confidence interval,two to seven times; P<0.001) (Figure 1). All the women wereHPV-positive when the lesions were detected, and 81 percenthad also tested positive at the previous six-month visit. Therisk of the development of squamous intraepithelial lesionswas associated with having had an HPV infection for at leastsix months, particularly a persistent infection with a high-risktype (Table 4).
Figure 1. Cumulative Percentages of College Women with Incident Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions among Those Who Were HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative at Base Line.
Table 4. Relative Risk for the Association between Continual HPV Infection and the Development of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions.
Discussion
The average annual incidence of HPV infection in this cohortof college women was 14 percent. Including the 26 percent whowere HPV-positive at base line, about 60 percent of the womenwere infected with HPV at some time during the three-year periodof the study, revealing the high risk of exposure to HPV forboth heterosexual men and women in a college environment.
A woman's risk of incident HPV infection was defined by herage, behavior, and the men with whom she associated sexually.Although the age range in this cohort was narrow, the olderwomen had a lower risk of acquiring HPV infection than the youngerwomen, perhaps because of acquired immunity to HPV from pastexposure.23 In addition to the transmission of HPV by vaginalsexual relations, the increased risk associated with anal sexor a high frequency of alcohol consumption may be a proxy forthe risks associated with other forms of sexual behavior thatwere not measured. The detection of incident HPV infection wasassociated with having four or more vaginal-sex partners inthe previous six months. However, there was a direct relationbetween the detection of HPV infection and the number of vaginal-sexpartners in the previous 7 to 12 months. These findings suggesta delay in the detection of HPV infection, perhaps related tothe time required for the virus to replicate in cervicovaginalcells after infection.3,24
Several studies of prevalent HPV infection have concluded thatHPV is mainly a transient infection.2,10,11,12,14,25,26,27 Theresults of this study were similar for incident infections.Infection with high-risk types of HPV and older age were riskfactors for persistent HPV infection.12,25 The etiologic roleof high-risk HPV types, as well as the peak incidence of cervicalcancer in women more than 40 years old,15,28 may be explainedby the long duration of infection in older women infected withhigh-risk types. Persistent infection in turn may increase therisk for the development and persistence of squamous intraepitheliallesions, as shown in this and previous studies.6,25 The associationbetween persistent infection and multiple types of HPV suggeststhat women who have multiple types might have certain characteristics— e.g., deficient immune responses to HPV — thatpredispose them to persistent infection.29 In fact, women whoare immunosuppressed by infection with the human immunodeficiencyvirus are at increased risk for infection with multiple typesof HPV.30
A woman was likely to lose her existing HPV infection if itwas newly acquired, and the longer an infection persisted themore difficult it was to lose it. The probability of losingan incident HPV infection in the first 6-month period was 31percent, and in the second 6-month period it was 39 percent;if an infection did not resolve in the first 12 months, theprobability of its resolving in the third 6-month period droppedconsiderably, to 11 percent. This pattern is similar to theregression and persistence patterns of squamous intraepitheliallesions.31,32
Previous studies have implicated cigarette smoking as a riskfactor for cervical cancer,33,34 whereas it was protective againstpersistent HPV infection in this and another study.12 The protectivemechanism of smoking, whether it is a biologic or a confoundingeffect, is unknown.
Among the 35 types of HPV, the incidence of infection with thehigh-risk types was similar to the incidence with the othertypes. Nevertheless, types 16 and 18, which have the strongestassociation with cervical cancer,15 were the only two typesincluded in the top quartiles for both incidence and duration.
We found a relation between incident squamous intraepitheliallesions and continuous HPV infections (both type-specific andnon–type-specific), which had been suggested in previousstudies.12,17 Whereas type-specific infections prolong the durationof squamous intraepithelial lesions,6,25 repeated non–type-specificinfections are associated with multiple episodes of squamousintraepithelial lesions, and both increase the chances thatsquamous intraepithelial lesions will be detected by periodicPap smears.
Since some women could have acquired and lost an HPV infectionbetween two six-month visits, this study may have underestimatedthe incidence and overestimated the duration of HPV infection.The trend of high incidence and short duration was thereforea conservative representation of the natural history of HPVinfection in young women. However, we do not know whether thesedata apply to other populations, particularly older women.
Finally, clinicians who treat adolescent girls and young womenshould consider that HPV infection is mainly short-lived. Hence,the manifestation of HPV, particularly a low-grade squamousintraepithelial lesion, often undergoes spontaneous regression.25,32,35Moreover, whether aggressive surgical treatments for squamousintraepithelial lesions cure HPV infection or interrupt itstransmission is not known. Current data on the natural historyof HPV infection and its associated lesions suggest that conservativemanagement, such as follow-up without ablative therapy, maybe indicated in young women with low-grade squamous intraepitheliallesions associated with transient HPV infection.
Supported by a grant (AI-31055) from the National Institutesof Health. DNA oligonucleotides were synthesized in the OligoSynthesis facility of the Albert Einstein Cancer Center (CA13330). Dr. Ho is the recipient of a Junior Faculty ResearchAward, and Dr. Burk is the recipient of a Faculty Research Award,both from the American Cancer Society.
We are indebted to Ms. Michele Lempa, Ms. Wendy Goldstein, Ms.Nivedita Revenkar, Ms. Mary Palmer, Ms. Allegra Steinman, andMr. Victor Kamensky for data collection and management; to Ms.Yvette Cruz, Ms. Renee Lewis, Ms. Handan Ruan, and Drs. WeiminQu, Gang Jiang, Ruth Tachezy, and Marc Van Ranst for HPV analyses;and to Drs. Robert Klein, Anna Kadish, and Sylvia Wassertheil-Smollerfor critical review of the manuscript.
Source Information
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (G.Y.F.H., C.J.C., R.D.B.), Pediatrics (R.D.B.), and Microbiology and Immunology (R.D.B.) and the Albert Einstein Cancer Center (G.Y.F.H., R.D.B.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and the Rutgers University Student Health Service, New Brunswick, N.J. (R.B., L.B.). Presented in part at the 14th International Papillomavirus Conference, Quebec City, Canada, July 23–28, 1995.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Burk at the Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Ullmann Bldg., Rm. 515, Bronx, NY 10461.
References
Burk RD, Ho GYF, Beardsley L, Lempa M, Peters M, Bierman R. Sexual behavior and partner characteristics are the predominant risk factors for genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. J Infect Dis 1996;174:679-689. [Medline]
Evander M, Edlund K, Gustafsson A, et al. Human papillomavirus infection is transient in young women: a population-based cohort study. J Infect Dis 1995;171:1026-1030. [Medline]
Karlsson R, Jonsson M, Edlund K, et al. Lifetime number of partners as the only independent risk factor for human papillomavirus infection: a population-based study. Sex Transm Dis 1995;22:119-127. [Medline]
Fairley CK, Chen S, Ugoni A, Tabrizi SN, Forbes A, Garland SM. Human papillomavirus infection and its relationship to recent and distant sexual partners. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:755-759. [Free Full Text]
Bauer HM, Ting Y, Greer CE, et al. Genital human papillomavirus infection in female university students as determined by a PCR-based method. JAMA 1991;265:472-477. [Abstract]
Ho GYF, Burk RD, Klein S, et al. Persistent genital human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for persistent cervical dysplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:1365-1371. [Free Full Text]
Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW, et al. A cohort study of the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 in relation to papillomavirus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1272-1278. [Abstract]
Bosch FX, Munoz N, De Sanjose S, et al. Risk factors for cervical cancer in Colombia and Spain. Int J Cancer 1992;52:750-758. [Medline]
Ley C, Bauer HM, Reingold A, et al. Determinants of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991;83:997-1003. [Free Full Text]
Brisson J, Bairati I, Morin C, et al. Determinants of persistent detection of human papillomavirus DNA in the uterine cervix. J Infect Dis 1996;173:794-799. [Medline]
Hinchliffe SA, van Velzen D, Korporaal H, Kok PL, Boon ME. Transience of cervical HPV infection in sexually active, young women with normal cervicovaginal cytology. Br J Cancer 1995;72:943-945. [Medline]
Hildesheim A, Schiffman MH, Gravitt PE, et al. Persistence of type-specific human papillomavirus infection among cytologically normal women. J Infect Dis 1994;169:235-240. [Medline]
Moscicki A-B, Palefsky JM, Gonzales J, Smith G, Schoolnik GK. Colposcopic and histologic findings and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA test variability in young women positive for HPV DNA. J Infect Dis 1992;166:951-957. [Medline]
Rosenfeld WD, Rose E, Vermund SH, Schreiber K, Burk RD. Follow-up evaluation of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection in adolescents. J Pediatr 1992;121:307-311. [CrossRef][Medline]
Bosch FX, Manos MM, Munoz N, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective: International Biological Study on Cervical Cancer (IBSCC) Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:796-802. [Free Full Text]
Goldberg GL, Vermund SH, Schiffman MH, Ritter DB, Spitzer C, Burk RD. Comparison of cytobrush and cervicovaginal lavage sampling methods for the detection of genital human papillomavirus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:1669-1672. [Medline]
Burk RD, Kadish AS, Calderin S, Romney SL. Human papillomavirus infection of the cervix detected by cervicovaginal lavage and molecular hybridization: correlation with biopsy results and Papanicolaou smear. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;154:982-989. [Medline]
Liang K-Y, Zeger SL. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 1986;73:13-22. [Free Full Text]
Zeger SL, Liang KY, Albert PS. Models for longitudinal data: a generalized estimating equation approach. Biometrics 1988;44:1049-1060. [CrossRef][Medline]
SAS/STAT user's guide, version 6, 4th ed. Vol. 2. Cary, N.C.: SAS Institute, 1989.
Brookmeyer R, Crowley J. A confidence interval for the median survival time. Biometrics 1982;38:29-41.
Thompson WD. Statistical analysis of case-control studies. Epidemiol Rev 1994;16:33-50. [Free Full Text]
Burk RD, Kelly P, Feldman J, et al. Declining prevalence of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection with age is independent of other risk factors. Sex Transm Dis 1996;23:333-341. [Medline]
Moscicki A-B, Palefsky J, Gonzales J, Schoolnik GK. Human papillomavirus infection in sexually active adolescent females: prevalence and risk factors. Pediatr Res 1990;28:507-513. [Medline]
Romney SL, Ho GYF, Palan PR, et al. Effects of -carotene and other factors on outcome of cervical dysplasia and human papillomavirus infection. Gynecol Oncol 1997;65:483-492. [CrossRef][Medline]
Hsing AW, Schiffman M, Zhang T, et al. Persistence of type-specific human papillomavirus infection among cytologically normal women. J Infect Dis 1994;170:498-498. [Medline]
de Villiers E-M, Wagner D, Schneider A, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA in women without and with cytological abnormalities: results of a 5-year follow-up study. Gynecol Oncol 1992;44:33-39. [CrossRef][Medline]
Brinton LA, Fraumeni JF Jr. Epidemiology of uterine cervical cancer. J Chronic Dis 1986;39:1051-1065. [CrossRef][Medline]
Vermund SH, Kelley KF, Klein RS, et al. High risk of human papillomavirus infection and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions among women with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:392-400. [Medline]
Maiman M, Fruchter RG. Cervical neoplasia and the human immunodeficiency virus. In: Rubin SC, Hoskins WJ, eds. Cervical cancer and preinvasive neoplasia. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996:405-16.
Richart RM, Barron BA. A follow-up study of patients with cervical dysplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969;105:386-393. [Medline]
Nasiell K, Roger V, Nasiell M. Behavior of mild cervical dysplasia during long-term follow-up. Obstet Gynecol 1986;67:665-669. [Medline]
Daling JR, Madeleine MM, McKnight B, et al. The relationship of human papillomavirus-related cervical tumors to cigarette smoking, oral contraceptive use, and prior herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996;5:541-548. [Abstract]
Winkelstein W Jr. Smoking and cervical cancer -- current status: a review. Am J Epidemiol 1990;131:945-957. [Free Full Text]
Nasiell K, Nasiell M, Vaclavinkova V. Behavior of moderate cervical dysplasia during long-term follow-up. Obstet Gynecol 1983;61:609-614. [Free Full Text]
Koshiol, J., Lindsay, L., Pimenta, J. M., Poole, C., Jenkins, D., Smith, J. S.
(2008). Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Neoplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Epidemiol
168: 123-137
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dempsey, A. F., Gebremariam, A., Koutsky, L., Manhart, L.
(2008). Behavior in Early Adolescence and Risk of Human Papillomavirus Infection as a Young Adult: Results From a Population-Based Study. Pediatrics
122: 1-7
[Abstract][Full Text]
Safaeian, M., Kiddugavu, M., Gravitt, P. E., Gange, S. J., Ssekasanvu, J., Murokora, D., Sklar, M., Serwadda, D., Wawer, M. J., Shah, K. V., Gray, R.
(2008). Determinants of Incidence and Clearance of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infections in Rural Rakai, Uganda. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
17: 1300-1307
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vaccarella, S., Herrero, R., Snijders, P. J F, Dai, M., Thomas, J. O, Hieu, N. T., Ferreccio, C., Matos, E., Posso, H., de Sanjose, S., Shin, H. R., Sukvirach, S., Lazcano-Ponce, E., Munoz, N., Meijer, C. J L M, Franceschi, S., the IARC HPV Prevalence Surveys (IHPS) Study Group,
(2008). Smoking and human papillomavirus infection: pooled analysis of the International Agency for Research on Cancer HPV Prevalence Surveys. Int J Epidemiol
37: 536-546
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tabora, N., Ferrera, A., Bakkers, J. M. J. E., Massuger, L. F. A. G., Melchers, W. J. G.
(2008). High HPV 16 Viral Load is Associated with Increased Cervical Dysplasia in Honduran Women. Am J Trop Med Hyg
78: 843-846
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vanslyke, J. G., Baum, J., Plaza, V., Otero, M., Wheeler, C., Helitzer, D. L.
(2008). HPV and Cervical Cancer Testing and Prevention: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Attitudes Among Hispanic Women. Qual Health Res
18: 584-596
[Abstract]
Boulet, G A V, Horvath, C A J, Berghmans, S, Moeneclaey, L M, Duys, I S M, Arbyn, M, Depuydt, C E, Vereecken, A J, Sahebali, S, Bogers, J J
(2008). Cervical cytology biobanking: quality of DNA from archival cervical Pap-stained smears. J. Clin. Pathol.
61: 637-641
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boulet, G. A.V., Horvath, C. A.J., Berghmans, S., Bogers, J.
(2008). Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer Screening: Important Role as Biomarker. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
17: 810-817
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hughes, D S, Powell, N, Fiander, A N
(2008). Will vaccination against human papillomavirus prevent eye disease? A review of the evidence. Br. J. Ophthalmol.
92: 460-465
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wong, A. K., Chan, R. C.-K., Nichols, W. S., Bose, S.
(2008). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Atypical Squamous Cervical Cytology: the Invader HPV Test as a New Screening Assay. J. Clin. Microbiol.
46: 869-875
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kreuter, A., Hochdorfer, B., Brockmeyer, N. H., Altmeyer, P., Pfister, H., Wieland, U., for the Competence Network HIV/AIDS,
(2008). A Human Papillomavirus-Associated Disease With Disseminated Warts, Depressed Cell-Mediated Immunity, Primary Lymphedema, and Anogenital Dysplasia: WILD Syndrome. Arch Dermatol
144: 366-372
[Abstract][Full Text]
Goon, P, Sonnex, C
(2008). Frequently asked questions about genital warts in the genitourinary medicine clinic: an update and review of recent literature. Sex. Transm. Infect.
84: 3-7
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vinokurova, S., Wentzensen, N., Kraus, I., Klaes, R., Driesch, C., Melsheimer, P., Kisseljov, F., Durst, M., Schneider, A., von Knebel Doeberitz, M.
(2008). Type-Dependent Integration Frequency of Human Papillomavirus Genomes in Cervical Lesions. Cancer Res.
68: 307-313
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ogunmodede, F., Yale, S. H., Krawisz, B., Tyler, G. C., Evans, A. C.
(2007). Human Papillomavirus Infections in Primary Care. Clin Med Res
5: 210-217
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bishop, B., Dasgupta, J., Klein, M., Garcea, R. L., Christensen, N. D., Zhao, R., Chen, X. S.
(2007). Crystal Structures of Four Types of Human Papillomavirus L1 Capsid Proteins: UNDERSTANDING THE SPECIFICITY OF NEUTRALIZING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES. J. Biol. Chem.
282: 31803-31811
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rand, C. M., Szilagyi, P. G., Albertin, C., Auinger, P.
(2007). Additional Health Care Visits Needed Among Adolescents for Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Delivery Within Medical Homes: A National Study. Pediatrics
120: 461-466
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shrestha, S., Wang, C., Aissani, B., Wilson, C. M., Tang, J., Kaslow, R. A.
(2007). Interleukin-10 Gene (IL10) Polymorphisms and Human Papillomavirus Clearance among Immunosuppressed Adolescents. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
16: 1626-1632
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kim, J. J., Kuntz, K. M., Stout, N. K., Mahmud, S., Villa, L. L., Franco, E. L., Goldie, S. J.
(2007). Multiparameter Calibration of a Natural History Model of Cervical Cancer. Am J Epidemiol
166: 137-150
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chan, J. K., Berek, J. S.
(2007). Impact of the Human Papilloma Vaccine on Cervical Cancer. JCO
25: 2975-2982
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wood, C. E., Chen, Z., Cline, J. M., Miller, B. E., Burk, R. D.
(2007). Characterization and Experimental Transmission of an Oncogenic Papillomavirus in Female Macaques. J. Virol.
81: 6339-6345
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gostin, L. O., DeAngelis, C. D.
(2007). Mandatory HPV Vaccination: Public Health vs Private Wealth. JAMA
297: 1921-1923
[Full Text]
Gallagher, K. M. E., Man, S.
(2007). Identification of HLA-DR1- and HLA-DR15-restricted human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) and HPV18 E6 epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells from healthy young women. J. Gen. Virol.
88: 1470-1478
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Koning, M. N. C., Struijk, L., Bavinck, J. N. B., Kleter, B., ter Schegget, J., Quint, W. G. V., Feltkamp, M. C. W.
(2007). Betapapillomaviruses frequently persist in the skin of healthy individuals. J. Gen. Virol.
88: 1489-1495
[Abstract][Full Text]
Insinga, R. P., Dasbach, E. J., Elbasha, E. H., Liaw, K.-L., Barr, E.
(2007). Incidence and Duration of Cervical Human Papillomavirus 6, 11, 16, and 18 Infections in Young Women: An Evaluation from Multiple Analytic Perspectives. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
16: 709-715
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kang, M., Lagakos, S. W.
(2007). Statistical methods for panel data from a semi-Markov process, with application to HPV. Biostatistics
8: 252-264
[Abstract][Full Text]
Van de Velde, N., Brisson, M., Boily, M.-C.
(2007). Modeling Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Effectiveness: Quantifying the Impact of Parameter Uncertainty. Am J Epidemiol
165: 762-775
[Abstract][Full Text]
Naucler, P., Chen, H.-C., Persson, K., You, S.-L., Hsieh, C.-Y., Sun, C.-A., Dillner, J., Chen, C.-J.
(2007). Seroprevalence of human papillomaviruses and Chlamydia trachomatis and cervical cancer risk: nested case-control study. J. Gen. Virol.
88: 814-822
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tiro, J. A., Meissner, H. I., Kobrin, S., Chollette, V.
(2007). What Do Women in the U.S. Know about Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer?. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
16: 288-294
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kulmala, S.-M. A., Shabalova, I. P., Petrovitchev, N., Syrjanen, K. J., Gyllensten, U. B., Johansson, B. C., Syrjanen, S. M., and the New Independent States of the former Sovie,
(2007). Type-Specific Persistence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infections in the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
16: 17-22
[Abstract][Full Text]
Saslow, D., Castle, P. E., Cox, J. T., Davey, D. D., Einstein, M. H., Ferris, D. G., Goldie, S. J., Harper, D. M., Kinney, W., Moscicki, A.-B., Noller, K. L., Wheeler, C. M., Ades, T., Andrews, K. S., Doroshenk, M. K., Kahn, K. G., Schmidt, C., Shafey, O., Smith, R. A., Partridge, E. E., (for The Gynecologic Cancer Advisory Group), , Garcia, F.
(2007). American Cancer Society Guideline for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Use to Prevent Cervical Cancer and Its Precursors. CA Cancer J Clin
57: 7-28
[Abstract][Full Text]
Daley, M. F., Liddon, N., Crane, L. A., Beaty, B. L., Barrow, J., Babbel, C., Markowitz, L. E., Dunne, E. F., Stokley, S., Dickinson, L. M., Berman, S., Kempe, A.
(2006). A National Survey of Pediatrician Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. Pediatrics
118: 2280-2289
[Abstract][Full Text]
Garcia-Pineres, A. J., Hildesheim, A., Herrero, R., Trivett, M., Williams, M., Atmetlla, I., Ramirez, M., Villegas, M., Schiffman, M., Rodriguez, A. C., Burk, R. D., Hildesheim, M., Freer, E., Bonilla, J., Bratti, C., Berzofsky, J. A., Pinto, L. A.
(2006). Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection Is Associated with a Generalized Decrease in Immune Responsiveness in Older Women.. Cancer Res.
66: 11070-11076
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gunnell, A. S., Tran, T. N., Torrang, A., Dickman, P. W., Sparen, P., Palmgren, J., Ylitalo, N.
(2006). Synergy between Cigarette Smoking and Human Papillomavirus Type 16 in Cervical Cancer In situ Development. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
15: 2141-2147
[Abstract][Full Text]
Minkoff, H., Xian, L. S., Watts, D. H., Leighty, R., Hershow, R., Palefsky, J., Tuomala, R., Neu, N., Zorrilla, C. D., Paul, M., Strickler, H.
(2006). Relationship of Pregnancy to Human Papillomavirus Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women.. Obstet Gynecol
108: 953-960
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baak, J P A, Kruse, A-J, Robboy, S J, Janssen, E A M, van Diermen, B, Skaland, I
(2006). Dynamic behavioural interpretation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with molecular biomarkers. J. Clin. Pathol.
59: 1017-1028
[Abstract][Full Text]
Irwin, K., Montano, D., Kasprzyk, D., Carlin, L., Freeman, C., Barnes, R., Jain, N., Christian, J., Wolters, C.
(2006). Cervical Cancer Screening, Abnormal Cytology Management, and Counseling Practices in the United States. Obstet Gynecol
108: 397-409
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dasbach, E. J., Elbasha, E. H., Insinga, R. P.
(2006). Mathematical Models for Predicting the Epidemiologic and Economic Impact of Vaccination against Human Papillomavirus Infection and Disease. Epidemiol Rev
28: 88-100
[Abstract][Full Text]
Koshiol, J., Schroeder, J., Jamieson, D. J., Marshall, S. W., Duerr, A., Heilig, C. M., Shah, K. V., Klein, R. S., Cu-Uvin, S., Schuman, P., Celentano, D., Smith, J. S.
(2006). Smoking and Time to Clearance of Human Papillomavirus Infection in HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Women. Am J Epidemiol
164: 176-183
[Abstract][Full Text]
Trottier, H., Mahmud, S., Costa, M. C., Sobrinho, J. P., Duarte-Franco, E., Rohan, T. E., Ferenczy, A., Villa, L. L., Franco, E. L.
(2006). Human papillomavirus infections with multiple types and risk of cervical neoplasia.. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
15: 1274-1280
[Abstract][Full Text]
Winer, R. L., Hughes, J. P., Feng, Q., O'Reilly, S., Kiviat, N. B., Holmes, K. K., Koutsky, L. A.
(2006). Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women.. NEJM
354: 2645-2654
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wiley, D. J., Wiesmeier, E., Masongsong, E., Gylys, K. H., Koutsky, L. A., Ferris, D. G., Barr, E., Yu Rao, J., The Proof of Principle Study Investigative Group,
(2006). Smokers at higher risk for undetected antibody for oncogenic human papillomavirus type 16 infection.. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
15: 915-920
[Abstract][Full Text]
Judson, P. L., Habermann, E. B., Baxter, N. N., Durham, S. B., Virnig, B. A.
(2006). Trends in the Incidence of Invasive and In Situ Vulvar Carcinoma.. Obstet Gynecol
107: 1018-1022
[Abstract][Full Text]
Silverberg, M. J., Schneider, M. F., Silver, B., Anastos, K. M., Burk, R. D., Minkoff, H., Palefsky, J., Levine, A. M., Viscidi, R. P.
(2006). Serological Detection of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive and High-Risk HIV-Negative Women. CVI
13: 511-519
[Abstract][Full Text]
Siebert, U., Sroczynski, G., Hillemanns, P., Engel, J., Stabenow, R., Stegmaier, C., Voigt, K., Gibis, B., Holzel, D., Goldie, S. J.
(2006). The German Cervical Cancer Screening Model: development and validation of a decision-analytic model for cervical cancer screening in Germany. Eur J Public Health
16: 185-192
[Abstract][Full Text]
Burchell, A. N., Richardson, H., Mahmud, S. M., Trottier, H., Tellier, P. P., Hanley, J., Coutlee, F., Franco, E. L.
(2006). Modeling the Sexual Transmissibility of Human Papillomavirus Infection using Stochastic Computer Simulation and Empirical Data from a Cohort Study of Young Women in Montreal, Canada. Am J Epidemiol
163: 534-543
[Abstract][Full Text]
Weaver, B. A.
(2006). Epidemiology and Natural History of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection. JAOA: Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
106: S2-S8
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ferris, D. G.
(2006). Vaccines for Preventing HPV-Related Anogenital Infection and Neoplasia. JAOA: Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
106: S9-S13
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hernandez, B. Y., McDuffie, K., Goodman, M. T., Wilkens, L. R., Thompson, P., Zhu, X., Wong, W., Ning, L.
(2006). Comparison of Physician- and Self-Collected Genital Specimens for Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Men. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 513-517
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shew, M. L., Fortenberry, J. D., Tu, W., Juliar, B. E., Batteiger, B. E., Qadadri, B., Brown, D. R.
(2006). Association of Condom Use, Sexual Behaviors, and Sexually Transmitted Infections With the Duration of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Adolescent Women. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
160: 151-156
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hawes, S. E., Critchlow, C. W., Sow, P. S., Toure, P., N'Doye, I., Diop, A., Kuypers, J. M., Kasse, A. A., Kiviat, N. B.
(2006). Incident High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in Senegalese Women With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
98: 100-109
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mao, C., Koutsky, L. A., Ault, K. A., Wheeler, C. M., Brown, D. R., Wiley, D. J., Alvarez, F. B., Bautista, O. M., Jansen, K. U., Barr, E., for the Proof of Principle Study Investigators,
(2006). Efficacy of Human Papillomavirus-16 Vaccine to Prevent Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol
107: 18-27
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baez-Astua, A., Herraez-Hernandez, E., Garbi, N., Pasolli, H. A., Juarez, V., zur Hausen, H., Cid-Arregui, A.
(2005). Low-Dose Adenovirus Vaccine Encoding Chimeric Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen-Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E7 Proteins Induces Enhanced E7-Specific Antibody and Cytotoxic T-Cell Responses. J. Virol.
79: 12807-12817
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schlecht, N. F., Burk, R. D., Palefsky, J. M., Minkoff, H., Xue, X., Massad, L. S., Bacon, M., Levine, A. M., Anastos, K., Gange, S. J., Watts, D. H., Costa, M. M. D., Chen, Z., Bang, J. Y., Fazzari, M., Hall, C., Strickler, H. D.
(2005). Variants of human papillomaviruses 16 and 18 and their natural history in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women. J. Gen. Virol.
86: 2709-2720
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kahn, J A, Bernstein, D I, Rosenthal, S L, Huang, B, Kollar, L M, Colyer, J L, Tissot, A M, Hillard, P A, Witte, D, Groen, P, Slap, G B
(2005). Acceptability of human papillomavirus self testing in female adolescents. Sex. Transm. Infect.
81: 408-414
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sinclair, K. A., Woods, C. R., Kirse, D. J., Sinal, S. H.
(2005). Anogenital and Respiratory Tract Human Papillomavirus Infections Among Children: Age, Gender, and Potential Transmission Through Sexual Abuse. Pediatrics
116: 815-825
[Abstract][Full Text]
Samoff, E., Koumans, E. H., Markowitz, L. E., Sternberg, M., Sawyer, M. K., Swan, D., Papp, J. R., Black, C. M., Unger, E. R.
(2005). Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with Persistence of High-Risk Types of Human Papillomavirus in a Cohort of Female Adolescents. Am J Epidemiol
162: 668-675
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lau, S., Franco, E. L.
(2005). Management of low-grade cervical lesions in young women. CMAJ
173: 771-774
[Full Text]
Cuschieri, K S, Cubie, H A, Whitley, M W, Gilkison, G, Arends, M J, Graham, C, McGoogan, E
(2005). Persistent high risk HPV infection associated with development of cervical neoplasia in a prospective population study. J. Clin. Pathol.
58: 946-950
[Abstract][Full Text]
Holschneider, C. H., Baldwin, R. L., Tumber, K., Aoyama, C., Karlan, B. Y.
(2005). The Fragile Histidine Triad Gene: A Molecular Link Between Cigarette Smoking and Cervical Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.
11: 5756-5763
[Abstract][Full Text]
Noller, K. L.
(2005). Cervical Cytology Screening and Evaluation. Obstet Gynecol
106: 391-397
[Full Text]
Khan, M. J., Castle, P. E., Lorincz, A. T., Wacholder, S., Sherman, M., Scott, D. R., Rush, B. B., Glass, A. G., Schiffman, M.
(2005). The Elevated 10-Year Risk of Cervical Precancer and Cancer in Women With Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type 16 or 18 and the Possible Utility of Type-Specific HPV Testing in Clinical Practice. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
97: 1072-1079
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Poelgeest, M. I.E., van Seters, M., van Beurden, M., Kwappenberg, K. M.C., Heijmans-Antonissen, C., Drijfhout, J. W., Melief, C. J.M., Kenter, G. G., Helmerhorst, T. J.M., Offringa, R., van der Burg, S. H.
(2005). Detection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16-Specific CD4+ T-cell Immunity in Patients with Persistent HPV16-Induced Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Relation to Clinical Impact of Imiquimod Treatment. Clin. Cancer Res.
11: 5273-5280
[Abstract][Full Text]
Soderlund-Strand, A., Rymark, P., Andersson, P., Dillner, J., Dillner, L.
(2005). Comparison between the Hybrid Capture II Test and a PCR-Based Human Papillomavirus Detection Method for Diagnosis and Posttreatment Follow-Up of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 3260-3266
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lajous, M., Mueller, N., Cruz-Valdez, A., Aguilar, L. V., Franceschi, S., Hernandez-Avila, M., Lazcano-Ponce, E.
(2005). Determinants of Prevalence, Acquisition, and Persistence of Human Papillomavirus in Healthy Mexican Military Men. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 1710-1716
[Abstract][Full Text]
TABORA, N., ZELAYA, A., BAKKERS, J., MELCHERS, W. J. G., FERRERA, A.
(2005). CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND GENITAL HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN HONDURAS. Am J Trop Med Hyg
73: 50-53
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wright, J. D., Davila, R. M., Pinto, K. R., Merritt, D. F., Gibb, R. K., Rader, J. S., Mutch, D. G., Gao, F., Powell, M. A.
(2005). Cervical Dysplasia in Adolescents. Obstet Gynecol
106: 115-120
[Abstract][Full Text]
Trimble, C. L., Piantadosi, S., Gravitt, P., Ronnett, B., Pizer, E., Elko, A., Wilgus, B., Yutzy, W., Daniel, R., Shah, K., Peng, S., Hung, C., Roden, R., Wu, T. C., Pardoll, D., The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore,,
(2005). Spontaneous Regression of High-Grade Cervical Dysplasia: Effects of Human Papillomavirus Type and HLA Phenotype. Clin. Cancer Res.
11: 4717-4723
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kim, J. J., Wright, T. C., Goldie, S. J.
(2005). Cost-effectiveness of Human Papillomavirus DNA Testing in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, France, and Italy. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
97: 888-895
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kjaer, S. K., Munk, C., Falck Winther, J., Jorgensen, H. O., Meijer, C. J.L.M., van den Brule, A. J.C.
(2005). Acquisition and Persistence of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Younger Men: A Prospective Follow-up Study among Danish Soldiers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 1528-1533
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chen, Z., Terai, M., Fu, L., Herrero, R., DeSalle, R., Burk, R. D.
(2005). Diversifying Selection in Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Lineages Based on Complete Genome Analyses. J. Virol.
79: 7014-7023
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sasagawa, T, Tani, M, Yasuda, H, Khadijeh, K A, Sakai, A, Fukae, T, Ukita, T, Yamazaki, H, Satake, S, Nakano, T, Inoue, M
(2005). Sexual behaviour and high risk human papillomavirus infections in Japanese women. Sex. Transm. Infect.
81: 280-282
[Full Text]
Richardson, H., Abrahamowicz, M., Tellier, P.-P., Kelsall, G., du Berger, R., Ferenczy, A., Coutlee, F., Franco, E. L.
(2005). Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Clearance of Type-Specific Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infections in a Cohort of University Students. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 1149-1156
[Abstract][Full Text]
Strickler, H. D., Burk, R. D., Fazzari, M., Anastos, K., Minkoff, H., Massad, L. S., Hall, C., Bacon, M., Levine, A. M., Watts, D. H., Silverberg, M. J., Xue, X., Schlecht, N. F., Melnick, S., Palefsky, J. M.
(2005). Natural History and Possible Reactivation of Human Papillomavirus in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Women. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
97: 577-586
[Abstract][Full Text]
Feng, Q., Balasubramanian, A., Hawes, S. E., Toure, P., Sow, P. S., Dem, A., Dembele, B., Critchlow, C. W., Xi, L., Lu, H., McIntosh, M. W., Young, A. M., Kiviat, N. B.
(2005). Detection of Hypermethylated Genes in Women with and Without Cervical Neoplasia. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
97: 273-282
[Abstract][Full Text]
del Amo, J, Gonzalez, C, Losana, J, Clavo, P, Munoz, L, Ballesteros, J, Garcia-Saiz, A, Belza, M J, Ortiz, M, Menendez, B, del Romero, J, Bolumar, F
(2005). Influence of age and geographical origin in the prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus in migrant female sex workers in Spain. Sex. Transm. Infect.
81: 79-84
[Abstract][Full Text]
Smith, K. L., Tristram, A., Gallagher, K. M., Fiander, A. N., Man, S.
(2005). Epitope specificity and longevity of a vaccine-induced human T cell response against HPV18. Int Immunol
17: 167-176
[Abstract][Full Text]
Viscidi, R. P., Snyder, B., Cu-Uvin, S., Hogan, J. W., Clayman, B., Klein, R. S., Sobel, J., Shah, K. V.
(2005). Human Papillomavirus Capsid Antibody Response to Natural Infection and Risk of Subsequent HPV Infection in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 283-288
[Abstract][Full Text]
Piyathilake, C. J., Henao, O. L., Macaluso, M., Cornwell, P. E., Meleth, S., Heimburger, D. C., Partridge, E. E.
(2004). Folate Is Associated with the Natural History of High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses. Cancer Res.
64: 8788-8793
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shields, T. S., Brinton, L. A., Burk, R. D., Wang, S. S., Weinstein, S. J., Ziegler, R. G., Studentsov, Y. Y., McAdams, M., Schiffman, M.
(2004). A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Invasive Cervical Cancer among U.S. Women Exposed to Oncogenic Types of Human Papillomavirus. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
13: 1574-1582
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wang, S. S., Trunk, M., Schiffman, M., Herrero, R., Sherman, M. E., Burk, R. D., Hildesheim, A., Bratti, M. C., Wright, T., Rodriguez, A. C., Chen, S., Reichert, A., von Knebel Doeberitz, C., Ridder, R., von Knebel Doeberitz, M.
(2004). Validation of p16INK4a as a Marker of Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Infection in Cervical Biopsies from a Population-Based Cohort in Costa Rica. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
13: 1355-1360
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Jong, A., van Poelgeest, M. I. E., van der Hulst, J. M., Drijfhout, J. W., Fleuren, G. J., Melief, C. J. M., Kenter, G., Offringa, R., van der Burg, S. H.
(2004). Human Papillomavirus Type 16-Positive Cervical Cancer Is Associated with Impaired CD4+ T-Cell Immunity against Early Antigens E2 and E6. Cancer Res.
64: 5449-5455
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kulmala, S.-M., Syrjanen, S., Shabalova, I., Petrovichev, N., Kozachenko, V., Podistov, J., Ivanchenko, O., Zakharenko, S., Nerovjna, R., Kljukina, L., Branovskaja, M., Grunberga, V., Juschenko, A., Tosi, P., Santopietro, R., Syrjanen, K.
(2004). Human Papillomavirus Testing with the Hybrid Capture 2 Assay and PCR as Screening Tools. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 2470-2475
[Abstract][Full Text]
Silverberg, M. J., Thorsen, P., Lindeberg, H., Ahdieh-Grant, L., Shah, K. V.
(2004). Clinical Course of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis in Danish Children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
130: 711-716
[Abstract][Full Text]
Flores-Munguia, R., Siegel, E., Klimecki, W. T., Giuliano, A. R.
(2004). Performance Assessment of Eight High-Throughput PCR Assays for Viral Load Quantitation of Oncogenic HPV Types. J. Mol. Diagn.
6: 115-124
[Abstract][Full Text]
Harris, T. G., Kulasingam, S. L., Kiviat, N. B., Mao, C., Agoff, S. N., Feng, Q., Koutsky, L. A.
(2004). Cigarette Smoking, Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus, Ki-67 Antigen, and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Am J Epidemiol
159: 834-842
[Abstract][Full Text]
Melsheimer, P., Vinokurova, S., Wentzensen, N., Bastert, G., Doeberitz, M. v. K.
(2004). DNA Aneuploidy and Integration of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6/E7 Oncogenes in Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix Uteri. Clin. Cancer Res.
10: 3059-3063
[Abstract][Full Text]
Goldie, S. J., Kohli, M., Grima, D., Weinstein, M. C., Wright, T. C., Bosch, F. X., Franco, E.
(2004). Projected Clinical Benefits and Cost-effectiveness of a Human Papillomavirus 16/18 Vaccine. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
96: 604-615
[Abstract][Full Text]
Carnes, M., Mahoney, J. E.
(2004). Update in Women's Health. ANN INTERN MED
140: 538-544
[Full Text]
Gilligan, P. H.
(2004). Impact of Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 1391-1395
[Full Text]
Kang, M., Lagakos, S. W
(2004). Evaluating the role of human papillomavirus vaccine in cervical cancer prevention. Stat Methods Med Res
13: 139-155
[Abstract]
Goldie, S. J., Kim, J. J., Wright, T. C.
(2004). Cost-Effectiveness of Human Papillomavirus DNA Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening in Women Aged 30 Years or More. Obstet Gynecol
103: 619-631
[Abstract][Full Text]
Canadas, M. P., Bosch, F. X., Junquera, M. L., Ejarque, M., Font, R., Ordonez, E., de Sanjose, S.
(2004). Concordance of Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Anogenital and Oral Infections in a High-Risk Population. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 1330-1332
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wood, C. E., Borgerink, H., Register, T. C., Scott, L., Cline, J. M.
(2004). Cervical and Vaginal Epithelial Neoplasms in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Vet Pathol
41: 108-115
[Abstract][Full Text]
Viscidi, R. P., Schiffman, M., Hildesheim, A., Herrero, R., Castle, P. E., Bratti, M. C., Rodriguez, A. C., Sherman, M. E., Wang, S., Clayman, B., Burk, R. D.
(2004). Seroreactivity to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16, 18, or 31 and Risk of Subsequent HPV Infection: Results from a Population-Based Study in Costa Rica. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
13: 324-327
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lin, H.-P., Huang, Y.-Y., Wu, H.-Y., Kao, J.-T.
(2004). Method for Testing for Human Papillomavirus Infection in Patients with Cervical Intraepithelial Disease. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 366-368
[Abstract][Full Text]
-carotene and other factors on outcome of cervical dysplasia and human papillomavirus infection. Gynecol Oncol 1997;65:483-492. [CrossRef][Medline]
Previous
