Regression of Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma after Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Peripheral-Blood Stem-Cell Transplantation
Richard Childs, M.D., Allen Chernoff, M.D., Nathalie Contentin, M.D., Erkut Bahceci, M.D., David Schrump, M.D., Susan Leitman, M.D., Elizabeth J. Read, M.D., John Tisdale, M.D., Cynthia Dunbar, M.D., W. Marston Linehan, M.D., Neal S. Young, M.D., and A. John Barrett, M.D.
Background Since allogeneic stem-cell transplantation can inducecurative graft-versus-leukemia reactions in patients with hematologiccancers, we sought to induce analogous graft-versus-tumor effectsin patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma by means ofnonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation.
Methods Nineteen consecutive patients with refractory metastaticrenal-cell carcinoma who had suitable donors received a preparativeregimen of cyclophosphamide and fludarabine, followed by aninfusion of a peripheral-blood stem-cell allograft from an HLA-identicalsibling or a sibling with a mismatch of a single HLA antigen.Cyclosporine, used to prevent graft-versus-host disease, waswithdrawn early in patients with mixed T-cell chimerism or diseaseprogression. Patients with no response received up to threeinfusions of donor lymphocytes.
Results At the time of the last follow-up, 9 of the 19 patientswere alive 287 to 831 days after transplantation (median follow-up,402 days). Two had died of transplantation-related causes, andeight from progressive disease. In 10 patients (53 percent)metastatic disease regressed; 3 had a complete response, and7 had a partial response. The patients who had a complete responseremained in remission 27, 25, and 16 months after transplantation.Regression of metastases was delayed, occurring a median of129 days after transplantation, and often followed the withdrawalof cyclosporine and the establishment of complete donor–T-cellchimerism. These results are consistent with a graft-versus-tumoreffect.
Conclusions Nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem-cell transplantationcan induce sustained regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinomain patients who have had no response to conventional immunotherapy.
Metastatic renal-cell carcinoma has an extremely poor prognosis,with a median survival of less than one year.1,2 Systemic treatmentwith cytotoxic chemotherapy is usually ineffective.3 The introductionof interleukin-2 and interferon alfa for the treatment of metastaticdisease provided, for the first time, therapy that induced completeand durable responses.4,5 Although some patients who have acomplete response to such cytokine-based therapy survive forlong periods, the overall rate of response to these agents,either alone or in combination, is usually less than 20 percent.6
Renal-cell carcinoma is unusual among solid tumors because ofits immunogenic properties.7,8 The response of some patientsto immunomodulatory cytokines and the rare spontaneous regressionsof metastatic disease provide the rationale for other immunologicapproaches.9,10 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation can inducepowerful graft-versus-leukemia effects in patients with hematologiccancers, including myeloid and lymphoid leukemias, lymphomas,and multiple myeloma.11,12,13,14,15 There is also anecdotalevidence of graft-versus-tumor effects in patients with metastaticbreast carcinoma.16,17 Because renal-cell carcinoma appearsto be susceptible to immunomodulation, we postulated that agraft-versus-tumor effect, analogous to the graft-versus-leukemiaeffect in hematologic cancers, might be generated after thetransplantation of allogeneic lymphocytes from a healthy donor.Since metastatic disease in renal-cell cancer is typically resistantto chemotherapy, we selected a low-intensity but highly immunosuppressivepreparative regimen to reduce transplantation-related complicationsand mortality while allowing complete engraftment of the donor'simmune cells. Such stem-cell transplantations after low-intensitypreparation decrease transplantation-related complications whileallowing sufficient donor-cell engraftment to generate graft-versus-leukemiaeffects in hematologic cancers.18,19,20,21,22,23 We previouslydescribed a patient with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma whohad complete regression of metastatic disease after treatmentwith a nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-celltransplantation.24 We present here the results in 19 patientswith metastatic renal-cell carcinoma who were treated in a pilottrial.
Methods
Patients
Eligible patients were 18 to 75 years of age and had biopsy-confirmedmetastatic renal-cell carcinoma that was documented radiographicallyto be progressive despite prior therapy and that was not amenableto complete surgical resection. Patients were required to havedisease that could be evaluated radiographically and to haveas a donor an HLA-identical sibling or a sibling with a mismatchat a single HLA locus. Patients were excluded if they had bonemetastases alone, active brain metastases, or hypercalcemiaor if they had received any treatment for renal-cell carcinomawithin 30 days before enrollment.
Study Design
Patients and donors gave written informed consent to participatein this protocol (National Institutes of Health protocol 97-H-0196),which had been approved by the institutional review board ofthe National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The preparativeregimen consisted of intravenous infusions of 60 mg of cyclophosphamideper kilogram of body weight on day 7 and day 6 before transplantation,followed by an intravenous infusion of 25 mg of fludarabineper square meter of body-surface area on each of the last fivedays before transplantation. The two patients who received atransplant from a donor with a mismatch at a single HLA locusreceived additional immunosuppression consisting of intravenousinfusions of 40 mg of antithymocyte globulin per kilogram ondays 5, 4, 3, and 2 before transplantation. Cyclosporine, whichis used to prevent rejection of the graft and graft-versus-hostdisease, was started four days before transplantation, initiallyas an intravenous infusion at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram daily,with oral cyclosporine (at a dose of 5 mg per kilogram twicedaily) substituted as tolerated. On day 0, an allograft fromwhich T cells had not been removed was transfused into the recipient.
Stem-cell donors received 10 µg of granulocyte colony-stimulatingfactor per kilogram subcutaneously daily for five to six days.Mobilized peripheral-blood stem cells were collected by leukapheresison day 5, and again on days 6 and 7 if necessary, to obtaina target dose of more than 5x106 CD34 cells per kilogram ofthe recipient's weight.
Decisions regarding post-transplantation cyclosporine withdrawaland lymphocyte infusions were based on the speed and degreeof engraftment of donor cells. Because rapid and complete engraftmentof donor immune cells is associated with an increased risk ofgraft-versus-host disease,20 patients with 100 percent donor–T-cellchimerism in peripheral-blood samples obtained on day 30 aftertransplantation continued to receive cyclosporine until day60; thereafter, the dose of cyclosporine was decreased by 25percent every 10 days and discontinued by day 100 if graft-versus-hostdisease had not developed. In contrast, mixed donor–recipientlymphoid chimerism is associated with a low risk of graft-versus-hostdisease but an increased risk of relapse. Therefore, in patientswith mixed donor–recipient T-cell chimerism on day 30,the dose of cyclosporine was rapidly tapered over a two-weekperiod. Patients who did not have complete donor–T-cellchimerism after the withdrawal of cyclosporine received up tothree monthly escalating doses of donor lymphocytes, with weeklyassessment of chimerism, until complete T-cell chimerism, graft-versus-hostdisease, or disease regression occurred. Also, patients whohad stable or progressive disease after the withdrawal of cyclosporineand who had no evidence of severe graft-versus-host disease(i.e., a grade of III or IV) were eligible to receive up tothree infusions of donor lymphocytes given monthly in escalatingdoses (5x106, 1x107, and 5x107 CD3 T cells per kilogram of therecipient's weight). Patients who had no response to treatmentwith donor lymphocytes and those who were not candidates foradditional lymphocyte infusions because they had severe graft-versus-hostdisease were eligible to receive low-dose subcutaneous interferonalfa or interleukin-2 to enhance a graft-versus-tumor effect.
Response to Treatment
A response was defined as complete if all measurable tumor disappearedand as partial if the sum of the products of the longest perpendiculardiameters of metastatic lesions that could be evaluated decreasedby at least 50 percent for a period of at least 30 days. Allpatients underwent computed tomographic (CT) scanning within30 days before transplantation; 30, 60, and 100 days after transplantation;monthly thereafter for the first year; and then every 3 months.
Assessment of Chimerism and Graft-Versus-Host Disease
After the transplant was infused, samples of blood were obtainedweekly, and the degree of donor–recipient chimerism inboth myeloid and T-cell lineages was assessed by polymerase-chain-reactionassay of minisatellite regions according to published methods.20,25The severity of graft-versus-host disease was graded accordingto the criteria of the International Bone Marrow TransplantRegistry.26
Statistical Analysis
We calculated the actuarial probability of survival and thecumulative probability of a response according to the methodof Kaplan and Meier. We compared differences between outcomesusing Wilcoxon's log-rank analysis. The following factors wereentered into multivariate analysis: presence or absence of acutegraft-versus-host disease, age (mismatched vs. matched), sex,number of CD34 stem cells transfused and the number of donorCD3 T cells in the allograft (more than the median vs. lessthan the median), the number of metastatic sites (more thantwo vs. two or fewer), and sex mismatch between donor and recipient(mismatched vs. matched). We used Cox multivariate analysisto evaluate the significance of the results. All data obtainedthrough May 25, 2000, were analyzed.
Results
Patients
Between February 1998 and August 1999, 19 consecutive patientswith metastatic renal-cell carcinoma who had suitable donorsunderwent nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-celltransplantation. Of these 19 patients, 17 received a transplantfrom a molecularly typed, HLA-identical sibling and 2 receiveda transplant from a sibling donor with a mismatch at a singleHLA locus (Table 1). The patients ranged in age from 37 to 65years (median, 48). Although it was not an inclusion criterion,all patients had undergone nephrectomy as part of their previoustherapy for the primary tumor. Furthermore, all patients hadradiographically documented progressive disease despite priortherapy. Seventeen patients (89 percent) had previously beentreated with cytokine-based therapy (interleukin-2, interferonalfa, or both). Most patients had multiple previously definedfactors that were associated with a poor outcome, includinga short interval between nephrectomy and the development ofmetastatic disease and the presence of multiple sites of metastatictumor.
Table 1. Characteristics of the Patients and Outcome of Transplantation.
Transplantation and Engraftment
The characteristics of the 19 patients and the outcomes of transplantationare listed in Table 1. The patients received a median of 8.0x106CD34 cells per kilogram (range, 2.2x106 to 13.8x106) and 4.2x108CD3 T cells per kilogram (range, 1.4x108 to 7.1x108). The neutrophilcount fell to less than 100 per cubic millimeter in all patientsand rose to more than 500 per cubic millimeter a median of 10.5days (range, 7 to 13) after transplantation. It took a medianof 8 days (range, 0 to 10) after transplantation for the plateletcount to exceed 50,000 per cubic millimeter; 13 of the 19 patientsnever had platelet counts of less than 20,000 per cubic millimeter.In all 19 patients, engraftment of both T-cell and myeloid lineagesfrom the donor was sustained. At the time of engraftment, myeloidcells were typically of both recipient and donor origin, butrecipient cells predominated. In contrast, T cells were predominantlyof donor origin.
Clinical Efficacy
Of the 19 patients, 10 had evidence of tumor regression afterreceiving an allograft. In three patients there was total regressionof all metastases (a complete response), and the tumor burdenwas reduced by at least 50 percent (a partial response) in seven(37 percent). The cumulative probability of a response was 53percent (95 percent confidence interval, 31 to 75 percent) (Figure 1A).Regression of metastases was observed at multiple sites,including the lymph nodes, adrenal glands, liver, subcutaneoustissues, bones, and lungs, as well as in abdominal, pelvic,and chest-wall masses (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The onset oftumor regression was typically delayed, occurring a median of4 months (range, 1 to 8) after transplantation. Furthermore,disease regression was observed only after all the T cells inthe recipient were of donor origin (complete chimerism). In8 of the 10 patients with a response, metastases regressed onlyafter cyclosporine had been withdrawn.
Figure 1. Outcome in 19 Patients with Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma Who Were Treated with Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation.
Panel A shows the Kaplan–Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of a response in all 19 patients and in patients with and those without acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) of grade II, III, or IV. Patients in whom acute graft-versus-host disease developed after transplantation had a significantly higher probability of a response (P=0.005). Panel B shows the Kaplan–Meier estimate of survival in all patients and in patients with and those without a response after transplantation. Although not significant (P=0.06), there was a trend toward a survival advantage among patients with a response.
Figure 2. CT and Radiographic Images of Mediastinal and Hilar Adenopathy (Arrows) in Patient 8 before Transplantation (Panels A and C) and 276 Days after Transplantation (Panels B and D).
Regression was concordant with the onset of limited chronic graft-versus-host disease of the skin.
Figure 3. CT Images of Pulmonary Metastases (Arrows) 60 Days (Panel A) and 285 Days (Panel B) after Transplantation in Patient 19.
Radiographic evaluation 30 days after transplantation revealedstable or progressive disease in 18 patients. One patient (Patient5) had early regression of metastases, first noted on the chestfilm on day 21, that corresponded with the onset of acute graft-versus-hostdisease of the gastrointestinal system. Six of the 10 patientswho ultimately had a response had initial radiographic evidenceof tumor growth; regression followed the discontinuation ofcyclosporine, and in Patient 19, an infusion of 1x107 CD3 donorT cells per kilogram. Only 1 of the 10 patients who had a responsereceived cytokine therapy (interferon alfa) after transplantation.
Effects of Infusions of Donor Lymphocytes and Cytokine Treatment after Transplantation
After cyclosporine therapy was discontinued, eight patientsreceived up to 3 escalating doses of donor lymphocytes (mediannumber of infusions, 2.5; range, 1 to 3) at 30-day intervalsto establish complete T-cell chimerism, treat progressive disease,or both. In two of the three patients with mixed T-cell chimerism,all T cells were of donor origin within 30 days after the donor-lymphocyteinfusion (1x107 CD3 T cells per kilogram); in the third (Patient7) mixed T-cell chimerism persisted until his death from progressivedisease. Of these eight patients, seven did not have a responseto the allograft and were treated with additional infusionsof donor lymphocytes; one of these patients (Patient 19) subsequentlyhad a partial response, whereas the disease in the remainingsix did not regress despite the infusions of donor lymphocytes.
Low-dose subcutaneous interferon alfa or interleukin-2 was givento four patients after transplantation. All had progressivedisease; three had no response to donor-lymphocyte infusions,and one was not a candidate for infusions of donor lymphocytesbecause of the development of grade III graft-versus-host disease.Three of these four patients had no response to the cytokinetherapy and died from progressive disease, but the fourth hada dramatic regression of bulky metastatic disease after fivedoses of interferon alfa. The improvement was temporally relatedto the onset of grade I graft-versus-host disease confined tothe skin. The metastases in this patient had not responded toa three-month trial of interferon alfa therapy given beforehe received an allograft.
Transplantation-Related Adverse Events
Table 2 lists transplantation-associated adverse events. Acutegraft-versus-host disease of grade II, III, or IV — themost serious complication — occurred in 10 patients (53percent) a median of 55 days (range, 21 to 113) after the procedure;graft-versus-host disease was rated as grade II in 7, gradeIII in 1, and grade IV in 2. In nine patients the graft-versus-hostdisease responded to treatment; one patient (Patient 5) diedof glucocorticoid-refractory grade IV graft-versus-host diseaseof the gastrointestinal system. Overall, two patients died oftransplantation-related complications (actuarial risk of transplantation-relatedmortality, 12 percent): Patient 5 of complications associatedwith acute graft-versus-host disease, and Patient 13 of bacterialsepsis.
As of May 25, 2000, nine patients were alive 287 to 831 daysafter transplantation (median follow-up, 402 days) (Figure 1B).The cause of death was progressive metastatic disease in eightpatients and transplantation-related complications in two. Thethree patients who had a complete response remained in remission27, 25, and 16 months after transplantation. Four of seven patientswith a partial response were alive without disease progression9 to 19 months after transplantation (Figure 4). The metastasesin one patient with a partial response (Patient 19) were stillregressing, as judged by follow-up CT scanning. Three patientswho had a partial response died, two of transplantation-relatedcomplications and one of progressive disease. Only two patientswho had a response subsequently had progressive disease; inone of them, recurrent disease regressed completely after theabrupt withdrawal of cyclosporine and treatment with three subcutaneousdoses of interferon alfa. In this patient the regression ofmetastases coincided with the onset of chronic graft-versus-hostdisease limited to the skin.
Figure 4. Post-Transplantation Course in the 10 Patients with a Complete Response (CR) or a Partial Response (PR).
The onset of regression (indicated by an asterisk) typically followed the discontinuation of corticosteroid therapy (indicated by a triangle) and the onset of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD, indicated by an oval). In Patients 2 and 8, regression was not noted until more than 200 days after transplantation. Patient 19 had a dramatic regression of bulky pulmonary and bone metastatic disease 41 days after the infusion of 1x107 CD3 donor T cells per kilogram (indicated by the diamond).
Factors Affecting the Response to Therapy
Metastatic disease regressed only after T-cell chimerism hadbecome complete; it followed or was concurrent with the withdrawalof cyclosporine in 8 of the 10 patients with a response (Figure 4).The development of acute graft-versus-host disease was theonly factor that predicted a response. Tumor regression occurredmore often in patients with acute graft-versus-host diseaseof grade II, III, or IV (9 of 10 patients) than in those withoutgraft-versus-host disease of grade II, III, or IV (1 of 9) (P=0.005)(Figure 1A). Regression of metastases coincided with the onsetof acute graft-versus-host disease in four patients. Five patientswith a response had early radiographic evidence of tumor growthin the setting of acute graft-versus-host disease; subsequently,the disease regressed two to six months after the onset of graft-versus-hostdisease. One patient without acute graft-versus-host disease(Patient 16), in whom regression was first noted on CT scanning60 days after transplantation, was found to have acute gradeII graft-versus-host disease of the skin on day 103, shortlyafter cyclosporine therapy was discontinued. In only one patientwith a response (Patient 1) did acute graft-versus-host diseasenot develop. In a multivariate analysis, acute graft-versus-hostdisease was the only factor that predicted a response (relativelikelihood of a response, 11.0; 95 percent confidence interval,1.4 to 88.5). Responses were observed only in patients withclear-cell renal carcinomas.
Discussion
Since renal-cell carcinoma appears to be susceptible to immunologiccontrol, we evaluated the effect of therapy with allogeneicperipheral-blood stem cells on metastatic disease that was refractoryto conventional management. And because renal-cell carcinomadoes not respond to most chemotherapeutic agents, even at highdoses, we used a low-intensity conditioning regimen, which providedsufficient immunosuppression to allow engraftment of the donor'simmune cells, while avoiding the substantial side effects ofconventional myeloablative regimens. Furthermore, to maximizethe opportunity for graft-versus-tumor effects, we sought toestablish rapid engraftment of the donor's cells by the earlydiscontinuation of cyclosporine and the administration of additionalinfusions of donor stem cells to treat disease progression orto bring about complete T-cell chimerism.
We found that despite their advanced refractory disease, morethan half our patients ultimately had a response. The regressionsof metastases were often striking, occurring at multiple sitesin patients who had had no response to prior therapy with interleukin-2,interferon alfa, or both. Remarkably, all disease completelyregressed in three patients, and they remained in remission27, 25, and 16 months after transplantation. Furthermore, onlytwo of seven patients with a partial response have had a relapse;in one of these patients, the subsequent regression of all recurrentmetastases was temporally related to the onset of chronic graft-versus-hostdisease limited to the skin (following the abrupt withdrawalof immunosuppression and treatment with three doses of interferonalfa).
Evidence that regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinomawas mediated by a graft-versus-tumor effect is compelling. First,fludarabine and cyclophosphamide, which were used to establishengraftment of the allogeneic cells, are inactive against renal-cellcarcinoma27,28; indeed, CT scans obtained within a month aftertransplantation showed either stable or progressive diseasein almost all patients. Second, tumor regression typically occurredshortly after the withdrawal of cyclosporine, and in one patientit followed an infusion of donor lymphocytes. Similar graft-versus-leukemiaeffects after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation are welldocumented after a reduction in the dose of cyclosporine andthe infusion of donor lymphocytes.13 Moreover, the median intervalof four months from pretransplantation preparative chemotherapyto the first signs of disease regression, the observation thatregression occurred only after complete donor T-cell chimerismhad been established, and the association of graft-versus-hostdisease with regression of metastases are all consistent withthe occurrence of an antitumor effect that was mediated by thedonor's T cells. Remarkably, in two patients the interval fromtransplantation to regression of metastatic disease was morethan 200 days. These delays in responses are similar to thedelays of up to a year in patients with relapsed chronic myelogenousleukemia who have a response to infusions of donor lymphocytes.13,29
Although the occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease ofgrade II, III, or IV was significantly associated with a response,it was not essential for a graft-versus-tumor effect; two patientsdid not have acute graft-versus-host disease when their diseaseregressed. Furthermore, regression often occurred months afterthe onset of graft-versus-host disease, suggesting that theT-cell population that caused tumor regression was distinctfrom the population that induced graft-versus-host disease.Although only patients with clear-cell carcinomas had responses,these tumors were the predominant subtype. Therefore, additionalpatients will need to be treated before any possible relationbetween tumor type and susceptibility to a graft-versus-tumoreffect can be established.
The donor cells that mediate the graft-versus-tumor effectswe observed and their target antigens are a central focus ofinvestigation. The prolonged interval from transplantation totumor regression is consistent with the time required for theactivation and expansion of antitumor cytotoxic T cells. Thefinding that patients who had no response to conventional cytokine-basedimmunotherapy subsequently had a response to transplantationprovides evidence that allogeneic immunotherapy may be as effectiveas strategies designed to enhance autologous antitumor immunityor even more potent than such approaches.
We should emphasize that our study was small and that follow-uphas been relatively short. Additional patients and more timewill be required to determine the frequency and durability ofthe responses to allogeneic T cells. Furthermore, it is importantto consider the limitations of such therapy. Allogeneic peripheral-bloodstem-cell transplantation can cause substantial and sometimesfatal complications, most of which are related to graft-versus-hostdisease. Although the adverse effects were not life threateningin most of our patients, two died of transplantation-relatedcauses. An equally important limitation is the prolonged timerequired for the induction of an antitumor effect. Patientswith rapidly advancing metastatic disease, who would be unlikelyto live long enough for the generation of a graft-versus-tumoreffect, would not benefit from such therapy. Because of theselimitations, nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-celltransplantation should remain an investigational approach forthe treatment of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma.
Source Information
From the Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R.C., N.C., E.B., C.D., N.S.Y., A.J.B.); the Urologic Oncology Branch (A.C., W.M.L.) and the Surgery Branch (D.S.), Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute; the Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center (S.L., E.J.R.), and the Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch (J.T.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases — all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. Other authors were Emmanuel Clave, Ph.D., Diane Epperson, Ph.D., and Virginia Mayo, R.N., Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Childs at the Hematology Branch, NHLBI/NIH, 10/7C103, 10 Center Dr., M.S.C. 1652, Bethesda, MD 20892-1652, or at childsr{at}nih.gov.
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Hambach, L., Ling, K.-W., Pool, J., Aghai, Z., Blokland, E., Tanke, H. J., Bruijn, J. A., Halfwerk, H., van Boven, H., Wieles, B., Goulmy, E.
(2009). Hypomethylating drugs convert HA-1-negative solid tumors into targets for stem cell-based immunotherapy. Blood
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Kolb, H.-J.
(2008). Graft-versus-leukemia effects of transplantation and donor lymphocytes. Blood
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Boni, A., Muranski, P., Cassard, L., Wrzesinski, C., Paulos, C. M., Palmer, D. C., Gattinoni, L., Hinrichs, C. S., Chan, C.-C., Rosenberg, S. A., Restifo, N. P.
(2008). Adoptive transfer of allogeneic tumor-specific T cells mediates effective regression of large tumors across major histocompatibility barriers. Blood
112: 4746-4754
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Vasu, S., Leitman, S. F., Tisdale, J. F., Hsieh, M. M., Childs, R. W., Barrett, A. J., Fowler, D. H., Bishop, M. R., Kang, E. M., Malech, H. L., Dunbar, C. E., Khuu, H. M., Wesley, R., Yau, Y. Y., Bolan, C. D.
(2008). Donor demographic and laboratory predictors of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell mobilization in an ethnically diverse population. Blood
112: 2092-2100
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Hambach, L., Vermeij, M., Buser, A., Aghai, Z., van der Kwast, T., Goulmy, E.
(2008). Targeting a single mismatched minor histocompatibility antigen with tumor-restricted expression eradicates human solid tumors. Blood
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Sangiolo, D., Martinuzzi, E., Todorovic, M., Vitaggio, K., Vallario, A., Jordaney, N., Carnevale-Schianca, F., Capaldi, A., Geuna, M., Casorzo, L., Nash, R. A., Aglietta, M., Cignetti, A.
(2008). Alloreactivity and anti-tumor activity segregate within two distinct subsets of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells: implications for their infusion across major HLA barriers. Int Immunol
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Hinrichs, C. S., Spolski, R., Paulos, C. M., Gattinoni, L., Kerstann, K. W., Palmer, D. C., Klebanoff, C. A., Rosenberg, S. A., Leonard, W. J., Restifo, N. P.
(2008). IL-2 and IL-21 confer opposing differentiation programs to CD8+ T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Blood
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Michaelson, M. D., Iliopoulos, O., McDermott, D. F., McGovern, F. J., Harisinghani, M. G., Oliva, E.
(2008). Case 17-2008 -- A 63-Year-Old Man with Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma. NEJM
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Eto, M., Kamiryo, Y., Takeuchi, A., Harano, M., Tatsugami, K., Harada, M., Kiyoshima, K., Hamaguchi, M., Teshima, T., Tsuneyoshi, M., Yoshikai, Y., Naito, S.
(2008). Posttransplant Administration of Cyclophosphamide and Donor Lymphocyte Infusion Induces Potent Antitumor Immunity to Solid Tumor. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Stelljes, M., Hermann, S., Albring, J., Kohler, G., Loffler, M., Franzius, C., Poremba, C., Schlosser, V., Volkmann, S., Opitz, C., Bremer, C., Kucharzik, T., Silling, G., Schober, O., Berdel, W. E., Schafers, M., Kienast, J.
(2008). Clinical molecular imaging in intestinal graft-versus-host disease: mapping of disease activity, prediction, and monitoring of treatment efficiency by positron emission tomography. Blood
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Conrad, R., Remberger, M., Cederlund, K., Ringden, O., Barkholt, L.
(2008). A comparison between low intensity and reduced intensity conditioning in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for solid tumors. haematol
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Yoshida, Y., Hirano, T., Son, G., Iimuro, Y., Imado, T., Iwasaki, T., Fujimoto, J.
(2007). Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: hepatocyte growth factor suppresses graft-vs.-host disease. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.
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Costa, L. J., Drabkin, H. A.
(2007). Renal Cell Carcinoma: New Developments in Molecular Biology and Potential for Targeted Therapies. The Oncologist
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Carella, A. M., Bregni, M.
(2007). Current role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in breast cancer. Ann Oncol
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Ramirez-Montagut, T., Chow, A., Kochman, A. A., Smith, O. M., Suh, D., Sindhi, H., Lu, S., Borsotti, C., Grubin, J., Patel, N., Terwey, T. H., Kim, T. D., Heller, G., Murphy, G. F., Liu, C., Alpdogan, O., van den Brink, M. R. M.
(2007). IFN-{gamma} and Fas Ligand Are Required for Graft-versus-Tumor Activity against Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Absence of Lethal Graft-versus-Host Disease. J. Immunol.
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Weng, L., Dyson, J., Dazzi, F.
(2007). Low-intensity transplant regimens facilitate recruitment of donor-specific regulatory T cells that promote hematopoietic engraftment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
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Siddiqui, S. A., Frigola, X., Bonne-Annee, S., Mercader, M., Kuntz, S. M., Krambeck, A. E., Sengupta, S., Dong, H., Cheville, J. C., Lohse, C. M., Krco, C. J., Webster, W. S., Leibovich, B. C., Blute, M. L., Knutson, K. L., Kwon, E. D.
(2007). Tumor-Infiltrating Foxp3-CD4+CD25+ T Cells Predict Poor Survival in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Krambeck, A. E., Dong, H., Thompson, R. H., Kuntz, S. M., Lohse, C. M., Leibovich, B. C., Blute, M. L., Sebo, T. J., Cheville, J. C., Parker, A. S., Kwon, E. D.
(2007). Survivin and B7-H1 Are Collaborative Predictors of Survival and Represent Potential Therapeutic Targets for Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Rizzieri, D. A., Koh, L. P., Long, G. D., Gasparetto, C., Sullivan, K. M., Horwitz, M., Chute, J., Smith, C., Gong, J. Z., Lagoo, A., Niedzwiecki, D., Dowell, J. M., Waters-Pick, B., Liu, C., Marshall, D., Vredenburgh, J. J., Gockerman, J., Decastro, C., Moore, J., Chao, N. J.
(2007). Partially Matched, Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Transplantation: Clinical Outcomes and Immune Reconstitution. JCO
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Eto, M., Harano, M., Tatsugami, K., Harada, M., Kamiryo, Y., Kiyoshima, K., Hamaguchi, M., Tsuneyoshi, M., Yoshikai, Y., Naito, S.
(2007). Cyclophosphamide-Using Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Cell Therapy against Renal Cancer with a Reduced Risk of Graft-versus-Host Disease. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Thompson, R. H., Dong, H., Kwon, E. D.
(2007). Implications of B7-H1 Expression in Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney for Prognostication and Therapy. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Antin, J. H.
(2007). Reduced-Intensity Stem Cell Transplantation: "...whereof a little More than a little is by much too much." King Henry IV, part 1, I, 2. ASH Education Book
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Yao, M., Huang, Y., Shioi, K., Hattori, K., Murakami, T., Nakaigawa, N., Kishida, T., Nagashima, Y., Kubota, Y.
(2007). Expression of Adipose Differentiation-Related Protein: A Predictor of Cancer-Specific Survival in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.
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May, K. F. Jr, Lute, K., Kocak, E., Abdessalam, S., Yin, L., Li, O., Guan, Z., Philips, G., Zheng, P., Liu, Y.
(2007). Immune competence of cancer-reactive T cells generated de novo in adult tumor-bearing mice. Blood
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Shioi, K.-i., Komiya, A., Hattori, K., Huang, Y., Sano, F., Murakami, T., Nakaigawa, N., Kishida, T., Kubota, Y., Nagashima, Y., Yao, M.
(2006). Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Predicts Cancer-Free Survival in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma Patients. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Yang, J. C., Childs, R.
(2006). Immunotherapy for Renal Cell Cancer. JCO
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Kausche, S., Wehler, T., Schnurer, E., Lennerz, V., Brenner, W., Melchior, S., Grone, M., Nonn, M., Strand, S., Meyer, R., Ranieri, E., Huber, C., Falk, C. S., Herr, W.
(2006). Superior Antitumor In vitro Responses of Allogeneic Matched Sibling Compared with Autologous Patient CD8+ T Cells. Cancer Res.
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Aschan, J.
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Perales, M.-A., Diab, A., Cohen, A. D., Huggins, D. W., Guevara-Patino, J. A., Hubbard, V. M., Engelhorn, M. E., Kochman, A. A., Eng, J. M., Mortazavi, F., Alpdogan, O., Terwey, T. H., Heller, G., Wolchok, J. D., Houghton, A. N., van den Brink, M. R. M.
(2006). DNA Immunization against Tissue-Restricted Antigens Enhances Tumor Immunity after Allogeneic Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. J. Immunol.
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Barkholt, L., Bregni, M., Remberger, M., Blaise, D., Peccatori, J., Massenkeil, G., Pedrazzoli, P., Zambelli, A., Bay, J.-O., Francois, S., Martino, R., Bengala, C., Brune, M., Lenhoff, S., Porcellini, A., Falda, M., Siena, S., Demirer, T., Niederwieser, D., Ringden, O., On behalf of the French ITAC group and the EBMT So,
(2006). Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for metastatic renal carcinoma in Europe. Ann Oncol
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Linker, C., Hurd, D.
(2006). The cancer and leukemia group B transplant committee.. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Beck, K. E., Blansfield, J. A., Tran, K. Q., Feldman, A. L., Hughes, M. S., Royal, R. E., Kammula, U. S., Topalian, S. L., Sherry, R. M., Kleiner, D., Quezado, M., Lowy, I., Yellin, M., Rosenberg, S. A., Yang, J. C.
(2006). Enterocolitis in Patients With Cancer After Antibody Blockade of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4. JCO
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Carnevale-Schianca, F., Cignetti, A., Capaldi, A., Vitaggio, K., Vallario, A., Ricchiardi, A., Sperti, E., Ferraris, R., Gatti, M., Grignani, G., Rota-Scalabrini, D., Geuna, M., Fizzotti, M., Sangiolo, D., Sottile, A., De Rosa, G., Bucci, A. R., Lambertenghi-Deliliers, G., Benedetti, E., Nash, R., Aglietta, M.
(2006). Allogeneic nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation in metastatic colon cancer: tumor-specific T cells directed to a tumor-associated antigen are generated in vivo during GVHD. Blood
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Nakaigawa, N., Yao, M., Baba, M., Kato, S., Kishida, T., Hattori, K., Nagashima, Y., Kubota, Y.
(2006). Inactivation of von Hippel-Lindau Gene Induces Constitutive Phosphorylation of MET Protein in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma.. Cancer Res.
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Ohashi, M., Kobayashi, A., Hara, H., Miura, Y., Yoshida, K., Kushida, M., Ikarashi, Y., Mandai, M., Kitajima, M., Yoshida, T., Aoki, K.
(2006). Allogeneic MHC gene transfer enhances antitumor activity of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation without exacerbating graft-versus-host disease.. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Duval, L., Schmidt, H., Kaltoft, K., Fode, K., Jensen, J. J., Sorensen, S. M., Nishimura, M. I., von der Maase, H.
(2006). Adoptive Transfer of Allogeneic Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Equipped with a HLA-A2 Restricted MART-1 T-Cell Receptor: A Phase I Trial in Metastatic Melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Morecki, S., Lindhofer, H., Yacovlev, E., Gelfand, Y., Slavin, S.
(2006). Use of trifunctional bispecific antibodies to prevent graft versus host disease induced by allogeneic lymphocytes. Blood
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Lin, F., Zhang, P. L., Yang, X. J., Prichard, J. W., Lun, M., Brown, R. E.
(2006). Morphoproteomic and Molecular Concomitants of an Overexpressed and Activated mTOR Pathway in Renal Cell Carcinomas. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science
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Cohen, H. T., McGovern, F. J.
(2005). Renal-Cell Carcinoma. NEJM
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Harano, M., Eto, M., Iwai, T., Tatsugami, K., Kiyoshima, K., Kamiryo, Y., Tsuneyoshi, M., Yoshikai, Y., Naito, S.
(2005). Renal Cancer Treatment with Low Levels of Mixed Chimerism Induced by Nonmyeloablative Regimen Using Cyclophosphamide in Mice. Cancer Res.
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Xue, S.-A., Gao, L., Hart, D., Gillmore, R., Qasim, W., Thrasher, A., Apperley, J., Engels, B., Uckert, W., Morris, E., Stauss, H.
(2005). Elimination of human leukemia cells in NOD/SCID mice by WT1-TCR gene-transduced human T cells. Blood
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Beyer, M., Kochanek, M., Darabi, K., Popov, A., Jensen, M., Endl, E., Knolle, P. A., Thomas, R. K., von Bergwelt-Baildon, M., Debey, S., Hallek, M., Schultze, J. L.
(2005). Reduced frequencies and suppressive function of CD4+CD25hi regulatory T cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia after therapy with fludarabine. Blood
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Whitelegg, A. M. E., Oosten, L. E. M., Jordan, S., Kester, M., van Halteren, A. G. S., Madrigal, J. A., Goulmy, E., Barber, L. D.
(2005). Investigation of Peptide Involvement in T Cell Allorecognition Using Recombinant HLA Class I Multimers. J. Immunol.
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Okamura, J., Utsunomiya, A., Tanosaki, R., Uike, N., Sonoda, S., Kannagi, M., Tomonaga, M., Harada, M., Kimura, N., Masuda, M., Kawano, F., Yufu, Y., Hattori, H., Kikuchi, H., Saburi, Y.
(2005). Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation with reduced conditioning intensity as a novel immunotherapy and antiviral therapy for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood
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Dudley, M. E., Wunderlich, J. R., Yang, J. C., Sherry, R. M., Topalian, S. L., Restifo, N. P., Royal, R. E., Kammula, U., White, D. E., Mavroukakis, S. A., Rogers, L. J., Gracia, G. J., Jones, S. A., Mangiameli, D. P., Pelletier, M. M., Gea-Banacloche, J., Robinson, M. R., Berman, D. M., Filie, A. C., Abati, A., Rosenberg, S. A.
(2005). Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapy Following Non-Myeloablative but Lymphodepleting Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Patients With Refractory Metastatic Melanoma. JCO
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Baron, F., Maris, M. B., Sandmaier, B. M., Storer, B. E., Sorror, M., Diaconescu, R., Woolfrey, A. E., Chauncey, T. R., Flowers, M. E.D., Mielcarek, M., Maloney, D. G., Storb, R.
(2005). Graft-Versus-Tumor Effects After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation With Nonmyeloablative Conditioning. JCO
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Frankenberger, B., Pohla, H., Noessner, E., Willimsky, G., Papier, B., Pezzutto, A., Kopp, J., Oberneder, R., Blankenstein, T., Schendel, D. J.
(2005). Influence of CD80, Interleukin-2, and Interleukin-7 Expression in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma on the Expansion, Function, and Survival of Tumor-Specific CTLs. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Yada, S., Takamura, N., Inagaki-Ohara, K., O'Leary, M. K., Wasem, C., Brunner, T., Green, D. R., Lin, T., Pinkoski, M. J.
(2005). The Role of p53 and Fas in a Model of Acute Murine Graft-versus-Host Disease. J. Immunol.
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Koscielniak, E., Gross-Wieltsch, U., Treuner, J., Winkler, P., Klingebiel, T., Lang, P., Bader, P., Niethammer, D., Handgretinger, R.
(2005). Graft-Versus-Ewing Sarcoma Effect and Long-Term Remission Induced by Haploidentical Stem-Cell Transplantation in a Patient With Relapse of Metastatic Disease. JCO
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(2005). Prognostic relevance of extensive necrosis in renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Pathol.
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Hashimoto, D., Asakura, S., Miyake, S., Yamamura, T., Van Kaer, L., Liu, C., Tanimoto, M., Teshima, T.
(2005). Stimulation of Host NKT Cells by Synthetic Glycolipid Regulates Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease by Inducing Th2 Polarization of Donor T Cells. J. Immunol.
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Giralt, S.
(2005). Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Regimens for Hematologic Malignancies: What Have We Learned over the Last 10 Years?. ASH Education Book
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Kami, M., Makimoto, A., Heike, Y., Takaue, Y.
(2004). Reduced-intensity Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (RIST) for Solid Malignancies. Jpn J Clin Oncol
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Tykodi, S. S., Warren, E. H., Thompson, J. A., Riddell, S. R., Childs, R. W., Otterud, B. E., Leppert, M. F., Storb, R., Sandmaier, B. M.
(2004). Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma after Nonmyeloablative Conditioning: Toxicity, Clinical Response, and Immunological Response to Minor Histocompatibility Antigens. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Dorrschuck, A., Schmidt, A., Schnurer, E., Gluckmann, M., Albrecht, C., Wolfel, C., Lennerz, V., Lifke, A., Di Natale, C., Ranieri, E., Gesualdo, L., Huber, C., Karas, M., Wolfel, T., Herr, W.
(2004). CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes isolated from allogeneic healthy donors recognize HLA class Ia/Ib-associated renal carcinoma antigens with ubiquitous or restricted tissue expression. Blood
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Bishop, M. R., Fowler, D. H., Marchigiani, D., Castro, K., Kasten-Sportes, C., Steinberg, S. M., Gea-Banacloche, J. C., Dean, R., Chow, C. K., Carter, C., Read, E. J., Leitman, S., Gress, R.
(2004). Allogeneic Lymphocytes Induce Tumor Regression of Advanced Metastatic Breast Cancer. JCO
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Ueno, N. T., Shpall, E. J., Champlin, R. E., Jones, R. B.
(2004). Graft--Versus--Breast Cancer Effect by Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation: A Possible New Frontier. JCO
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Avigan, D.
(2004). Dendritic Cell-Tumor Fusion Vaccines for Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Takahashi, Y., Childs, R. W.
(2004). Nonmyeloablative Transplantation: An Allogeneic-Based Immunotherapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Diaconescu, R., Flowers, C. R., Storer, B., Sorror, M. L., Maris, M. B., Maloney, D. G., Sandmaier, B. M., Storb, R.
(2004). Morbidity and mortality with nonmyeloablative compared with myeloablative conditioning before hematopoietic cell transplantation from HLA-matched related donors. Blood
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Stelljes, M., Strothotte, R., Pauels, H.-G., Poremba, C., Milse, M., Specht, C., Albring, J., Bisping, G., Scheffold, C., Kammertoens, T., Oelmann, E., Silling, G., Berdel, W. E., Kienast, J.
(2004). Graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation induces a CD8+ T cell-mediated graft-versus-tumor effect that is independent of the recognition of alloantigenic tumor targets. Blood
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Blattman, J. N., Greenberg, P. D.
(2004). Cancer Immunotherapy: A Treatment for the Masses. Science
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Curti, B. D.
(2004). Renal Cell Carcinoma. JAMA
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Igarashi, T., Wynberg, J., Srinivasan, R., Becknell, B., McCoy, J. P. Jr, Takahashi, Y., Suffredini, D. A., Linehan, W. M., Caligiuri, M. A., Childs, R. W.
(2004). Enhanced cytotoxicity of allogeneic NK cells with killer immunoglobulin-like receptor ligand incompatibility against melanoma and renal cell carcinoma cells. Blood
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Negrier, S., Perol, D., Menetrier-Caux, C., Escudier, B., Pallardy, M., Ravaud, A., Douillard, J.-Y., Chevreau, C., Lasset, C., Blay, J.-Y.
(2004). Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Prognostic Value of Interleukin-6--From the Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie. JCO
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Miyakoshi, S., Yuji, K., Kami, M., Kusumi, E., Kishi, Y., Kobayashi, K., Murashige, N., Hamaki, T., Kim, S.-W., Ueyama, J.-i., Mori, S.-i., Morinaga, S.-i., Muto, Y., Masuo, S., Kanemaru, M., Hayashi, T., Takaue, Y., Taniguchi, S.
(2004). Successful Engraftment After Reduced-Intensity Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation for Adult Patients with Advanced Hematological Diseases. Clin. Cancer Res.
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(2004). Evolving immunotherapeutic strategies in bladder and renal cancer. Postgrad. Med. J.
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Matte, C. C., Cormier, J., Anderson, B. E., Athanasiadis, I., Liu, J., Emerson, S. G., Pear, W., Shlomchik, W. D.
(2004). Graft-versus-leukemia in a retrovirally induced murine CML model: mechanisms of T-cell killing. Blood
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Childs, R. W.
(2004). Evolving trends in hematopoietic cell transplantation for solid tumors: tempering enthusiasm with clinical reality. Ann Oncol
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Mapara, M. Y., Sykes, M.
(2004). Tolerance and Cancer: Mechanisms of Tumor Evasion and Strategies for Breaking Tolerance. JCO
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Atkins, M. B., Hidalgo, M., Stadler, W. M., Logan, T. F., Dutcher, J. P., Hudes, G. R., Park, Y., Liou, S.-H., Marshall, B., Boni, J. P., Dukart, G., Sherman, M. L.
(2004). Randomized Phase II Study of Multiple Dose Levels of CCI-779, a Novel Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients With Advanced Refractory Renal Cell Carcinoma. JCO
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Takahashi, Y., McCoy, J. P. Jr, Carvallo, C., Rivera, C., Igarashi, T., Srinivasan, R., Young, N. S., Childs, R. W.
(2004). In vitro and in vivo evidence of PNH cell sensitivity to immune attack after nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood
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Carvallo, C., Geller, N., Kurlander, R., Srinivasan, R., Mena, O., Igarashi, T., Griffith, L. M., Linehan, W. M., Childs, R. W.
(2004). Prior chemotherapy and allograft CD34+ dose impact donor engraftment following nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with solid tumors. Blood
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Kolb, H.-J., Schmid, C., Barrett, A. J., Schendel, D. J.
(2004). Graft-versus-leukemia reactions in allogeneic chimeras. Blood
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Blaise, D., Bay, J. O., Faucher, C., Michallet, M., Boiron, J.-M., Choufi, B., Cahn, J.-Y., Gratecos, N., Sotto, J.-J., Francois, S., Fleury, J., Mohty, M., Chabannon, C., Bilger, K., Gravis, G., Viret, F., Braud, A. C., Bardou, V. J., Maraninchi, D., Viens, P.
(2004). Reduced-intensity preparative regimen and allogeneic stem cell transplantation for advanced solid tumors. Blood
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Butterfield, L. H., Ribas, A., Meng, W. S., Dissette, V. B., Amarnani, S., Vu, H. T., Seja, E., Todd, K., Glaspy, J. A., McBride, W. H., Economou, J. S.
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Ueno, N. T., Cheng, Y. C., Rondon, G., Tannir, N. M., Gajewski, J. L., Couriel, D. R., Hosing, C., de Lima, M. J., Anderlini, P., Khouri, I. F., Booser, D. J., Hortobagyi, G. N., Pagliaro, L. C., Jonasch, E., Giralt, S. A., Champlin, R. E.
(2003). Rapid induction of complete donor chimerism by the use of a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen composed of fludarabine and melphalan in allogeneic stem cell transplantation for metastatic solid tumors. Blood
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Sosman, J. A.
(2003). Targeting of the VHL-Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Hypoxia-Induced Gene Pathway for Renal Cell Carcinoma Therapy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
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Strair, R. K., Schaar, D., Medina, D., Todd, M. B., Aisner, J., DiPaola, R. S., Manago, J., Knox, B., Jenkinson, A., Senzon, R., Baker, C., Dudek, L., Ciardella, M., Kuriyan, M., Rubin, A., Lattime, E. C.
(2003). Antineoplastic Effects of Partially HLA-Matched Irradiated Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma. JCO
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Pantuck, A. J., Zeng, G., Belldegrun, A. S., Figlin, R. A.
(2003). Pathobiology, Prognosis, and Targeted Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Exploiting the Hypoxia-Induced Pathway. Clin. Cancer Res.
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Fukuda, T., Hackman, R. C., Guthrie, K. A., Sandmaier, B. M., Boeckh, M., Maris, M. B., Maloney, D. G., Deeg, H. J., Martin, P. J., Storb, R. F., Madtes, D. K.
(2003). Risks and outcomes of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after nonmyeloablative and conventional conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood
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Barker, J. N., Weisdorf, D. J., DeFor, T. E., Blazar, B. R., Miller, J. S., Wagner, J. E.
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Renga, M., Pedrazzoli, P., Siena, S.
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Fukuda, T., Boeckh, M., Carter, R. A., Sandmaier, B. M., Maris, M. B., Maloney, D. G., Martin, P. J., Storb, R. F., Marr, K. A.
(2003). Risks and outcomes of invasive fungal infections in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants after nonmyeloablative conditioning. Blood
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Mohty, M., Bay, J.-O., Faucher, C., Choufi, B., Bilger, K., Tournilhac, O., Vey, N., Stoppa, A.-M., Coso, D., Chabannon, C., Viens, P., Maraninchi, D., Blaise, D.
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Ribas, A., Butterfield, L. H., Glaspy, J. A., Economou, J. S.
(2003). Current Developments in Cancer Vaccines and Cellular Immunotherapy. JCO
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Andersson, G., Illigens, B. M. W., Johnson, K. W., Calderhead, D., LeGuern, C., Benichou, G., White-Scharf, M. E., Down, J. D.
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Messing, E. M., Manola, J., Wilding, G., Propert, K., Fleischmann, J., Crawford, E. D., Pontes, J. E., Hahn, R., Trump, D.
(2003). Phase III Study of Interferon Alfa-NL as Adjuvant Treatment for Resectable Renal Cell Carcinoma: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group/Intergroup Trial. JCO
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Indolfi, P., Terenziani, M., Casale, F., Carli, M., Bisogno, G., Schiavetti, A., Mancini, A., Rondelli, R., Pession, A., Jenkner, A., Pierani, P., Tamaro, P., De Bernardi, B., Ferrari, A., Santoro, N., Giuliano, M., Cecchetto, G., Piva, L., Surico, G., Di Tullio, M. T.
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