Comparison of Angioplasty with Stenting, with or without Abciximab, in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Gregg W. Stone, M.D., Cindy L. Grines, M.D., David A. Cox, M.D., Eulogio Garcia, M.D., James E. Tcheng, M.D., John J. Griffin, M.D., Giulio Guagliumi, M.D., Thomas Stuckey, M.D., Mark Turco, M.D., John D. Carroll, M.D., Barry D. Rutherford, M.D., Alexandra J. Lansky, M.D., for the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) Investigators
Methods Using a 2-by-2 factorial design, we randomly assigned2082 patients with acute myocardial infarction to undergo PTCAalone (518 patients), PTCA plus abciximab therapy (528), stentingalone with the MultiLink stent (512), or stenting plus abciximabtherapy (524).
Conclusions At experienced centers, stent implantation (withor without abciximab therapy) should be considered the routinereperfusion strategy.
As compared with thrombolytic reperfusion in acute myocardialinfarction, primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty(PTCA) increases the rates of patency of the infarcted artery,improves survival rates, and reduces the rates of reinfarctionand stroke.1,2,3 However, ischemia and reinfarction recur withinone month in 10 to 15 percent and 3 to 5 percent of patients,respectively, and late restenosis or reocclusion of the infarctedartery develops in as many as 50 percent and 10 percent, respectively— events that increase morbidity, mortality, and costs.3,4,5,6Outcomes may be further improved if coronary stents7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors16,17,18,19 areused in conjunction with PTCA. We therefore performed a large-scalemulticenter, prospective, randomized trial to determine theoptimal reperfusion strategy in patients with evolving acutemyocardial infarction.
Methods
Study Population and Study Protocol
The study was conducted from November 1997 to September 1999.Inclusion criteria were an age of more than 18 years, the presencefor at least 30 minutes but less than 12 hours of symptoms consistentwith acute myocardial infarction, and the presence of ST-segmentelevation in at least two contiguous leads or left bundle-branchblock. Patients with other electrocardiographic patterns wereenrolled if angiography demonstrated that they had a high-gradestenosis and associated abnormalities in regional wall motion.Patients were excluded if they were in cardiogenic shock (definedas systolic blood pressure of less than 80 mm Hg for more than30 minutes or the need for intravenous pressors or intraaortic-ballooncounterpulsation); had a history of bleeding diathesis or allergyto the study drug; had undergone major surgery within the precedingsix weeks; had had gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleedingwithin the preceding six months; had had a cerebrovascular eventwithin the preceding two years or had any permanent residualneurologic defect; had a history of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,or hepatic or renal dysfunction; had recently received a thrombolyticagent; had a noncardiac illness associated with a life expectancyof less than one year; or were participating in another study.The study was approved by the institutional review board orethics committee at each participating center, and consecutive,eligible patients provided written informed consent.
Patients were randomly assigned in a balanced fashion to oneof four interventional strategies of reperfusion with the useof a 2-by-2 factorial design: PTCA alone, PTCA plus abciximab,stenting alone, or stenting plus abciximab. The stent used wasthe MultiLink20 or MultiLink Duet21 (Guidant, Santa Clara, Calif.),available in diameters ranging from 2.5 to 4.0 mm and in multiplelengths, up to 38 mm. Abciximab (ReoPro, Centocor, Malvern,Pa.), which binds to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor of humanplatelets and inhibits platelet aggregation, was administeredas a bolus of 0.25 mg per kilogram of body weight, followedby a 12-hour infusion at a rate of 0.125 µg per kilogramper minute (maximum, 10 µg per minute). The dose of heparinwas calculated with use of a nomogram to achieve an activatedclotting time of at least 350 seconds (200 to 300 seconds amongthe patients assigned to receive abciximab). In the two PTCAgroups, crossover to stenting was allowed if, after PTCA, therewas residual stenosis of more than 50 percent despite prolongedballoon inflations or a dissection of at least type C. In thetwo groups of patients who were not assigned to receive abciximab,crossover to abciximab therapy was allowed after the interventionif flow could not be reestablished in the absence of a mechanicalobstruction ("no reflow"), despite therapy with intracoronarycalcium-channel blockers, or if there was persistent thrombuswithin or adjacent to the stent.
Clinical data were prospectively collected by research nurses,and follow-up was performed during office visits to physicians.Independent study monitors verified 100 percent of the datafor the case-report form on site. The data for all patientswith primary end-point events were reviewed by an independentadjudication committee whose members were unaware of patients'treatment assignments. A data safety and monitoring committeereviewed blinded data after 250, 500, and 1000 patients hadundergone randomization, and each time it recommended that thestudy continue without modification. Independent analysis wasperformed at the core angiographic laboratory as previouslydescribed22 by technicians who were unaware of patients' clinicaloutcomes. All films were reread for accuracy by one physician.The left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated with useof the area–length method,23 and regional wall motionwas determined with use of the centerline chord method.24 Theinvestigators had full access to the data and independentlyconfirmed all analyses initially performed by the sponsor.
Statistical Analysis
The primary end point was a composite of death from any cause,reinfarction, repeated intervention or revascularization ofthe target vessel as a result of ischemia, or disabling strokeduring the first six months after the index procedure. Reinfarctionwas defined by the presence of recurrent ischemic symptoms orelectrocardiographic changes accompanied by a creatine kinaselevel that was more than twice the upper limit of the normalrange (with an elevated MB isoform level) or more than 50 percenthigher than the previous value obtained during hospitalization.Revascularization of the target vessel was considered to havebeen prompted by ischemia if there was evidence of ischemiaduring functional testing or of angina. Disabling stroke wasdefined as an acute neurologic deficit that lasted more than24 hours and affected the ability to perform daily activitiesor resulted in death.
Two primary hypotheses were prespecified: stenting without abciximabis superior to PTCA without abciximab, and stenting withoutabciximab is not inferior to PTCA plus abciximab. With respectto the first hypothesis, we calculated that a total of 966 patientswould be required, using a two-sided test for differences inindependent binomial proportions at the 2.5 percent level ofsignificance (with Bonferroni's correction) and given an expectedrate of events of 30 percent after PTCA,2,3,6,10,11,12,13,14,15,16for the study to have more than 90 percent power to detect areduction in the primary end point of 10 percentage points afterstenting. With respect to the second hypothesis, we used theBlackwelder method25 to estimate that a total of 898 randomizedpatients would be required for the study to have more than 80percent power to detect the preservation of a difference of7.5 percentage points between the event rate for PTCA plus abciximaband that for stenting without abciximab, using a significancelevel of 2.5 percent and an expected event rate of 20 percentfor PTCA plus abciximab.
We used the likelihood-ratio chi-square test or Fisher's exacttest to compare categorical variables. Continuous variablesare presented as medians and interquartile ranges and were comparedwith use of one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal–Wallistest and, in pairwise analyses, with use of the Wilcoxon two-sampletest. Time-to-event data were analyzed with use of survivaltechniques and compared with use of the log-rank test. All cross-grouppairwise statistical comparisons are reported if the resultsof the log-rank test for the four treatment groups were statisticallysignificant ( = 0.05)26; otherwise, the two-way significancelevel was set at 0.01 to correct for multiple comparisons. Theinfluence of base-line demographic and angiographic variableson the primary end point at six months was evaluated with useof logistic regression with Wald's chi-square test, and theresults are expressed as odds ratios with 95 percent confidenceintervals. All analyses were conducted according to the intention-to-treatprinciple unless otherwise stated, and all P values are two-sided.Statistical tests were performed with SAS for Windows, version8.02 (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.).
Results
Patient Population and Base-Line Characteristics
A total of 2681 patients with acute myocardial infarction wereenrolled at 76 centers in nine countries, of whom 2082 (77.7percent) met the angiographic criteria for stent implantationand underwent randomization. The base-line characteristics ofthe patients were similar in the four randomized groups (Table 1).Patients were excluded for the following reasons (some metmore than one exclusion criterion): the lesion was longer than64 mm (in 56 patients); the reference diameter was less than2.5 mm or more than 4.0 mm (in 118); stenosis was present withina stent (in 36); the culprit lesion was in a vein graft (in52); there was excessive tortuosity (in 90), calcification (in64), involvement of major side branches (in 31), or diseaseof the left main coronary artery or ostia (in 67); or multivesselangioplasty (in 36), surgical management (in 221), or medicalmanagement (in 139) was indicated.
Table 1. Base-Line Characteristics of the Patients.
Among the 599 patients who did not undergo randomization, 190(31.7 percent) were treated medically, 140 (23.4 percent) underwentbypass surgery, and 269 (44.9 percent) underwent PTCA beforebeing discharged from the hospital, of whom 142 received stents.Thus, 88.6 percent of all patients who underwent primary angioplastyand 94.6 percent of those who received or were eligible to receivea stent underwent randomization.
Procedural Results
Approximately 16 percent of patients who were randomly assignedto undergo PTCA received stents because the results of balloonangioplasty were suboptimal, and less than 10 percent of patientswho were assigned to undergo PTCA or stenting alone receivedabciximab. The minimal luminal diameter was significantly greater(P<0.001) and the degree of residual stenosis significantlylower (P<0.001) after stenting than after PTCA (Table 2).Flow rates of grade 3 according to the classification of theThrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial were achievedin 94.5 to 96.9 percent of patients, whatever their randomizationassignment.
At 30 days, the incidence of the primary end point — acomposite of death, reinfarction, revascularization, or disablingstroke — was highest in the group assigned to receivePTCA alone, and the lower rates in the other three groups werenot significantly different from one another (Table 3). Subacutethrombosis of the target vessel was less common after interventionwith abciximab use than without its use (0.4 percent vs. 1.4percent, P<0.001), though there were no significant differencesin the rates of clinical reinfarction. Analyses according tothe treatment received showed that thrombocytopenia and theneed for blood-product transfusions were more common in patientswho received abciximab than in those who did not (4.2 percentvs. 1.9 percent, P=0.002; and 5.4 percent vs. 3.4 percent, P=0.02,respectively).
Table 3. Kaplan–Meier Estimates of the Clinical Outcomes at 30 Days and 6 Months.
At six months, the primary end point had occurred in 20.0 percentof patients in the PTCA group, 16.5 percent of those in thegroup assigned to receive PTCA plus abciximab, 11.5 percentof those in the stenting group, and 10.2 percent of those inthe group assigned to receive a stent plus abciximab (P<0.001).The two primary hypotheses were met: stenting alone was superiorto PTCA alone (incidence of the primary end point, 11.5 percentvs. 20.0 percent; P<0.001), and stenting alone was not inferiorto PTCA plus abciximab (incidence of the primary end point,11.5 percent vs. 16.5 percent; P<0.001 according to the Blackwelderz statistic for noninferiority). There were no significant differencesamong the four groups in the rates of death, disabling stroke,or reinfarction; the difference in the rates of the primaryend point was driven by the lower rates of revascularizationof ischemic target vessels in the stenting groups than in thePTCA groups (Table 3). The higher rate of event-free survivalwith stenting than with PTCA was consistent across the prespecifiedclinical subgroups evaluated (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Odds Ratio of the Primary Composite End Point of Death, Reinfarction, Revascularization of the Target Vessel, and Disabling Stroke at Six Months among All 1046 Patients Randomly Assigned to Undergo Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA), as Compared with All 1036 Patients Randomly Assigned to Undergo Stenting, According to Base-Line Characteristics.
CI denotes confidence interval, LBBB left bundle-branch block, and LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction.
Angiographic Results
Of the 900 prespecified eligible patients, 656 (72.9 percent)completed the angiographic follow-up at seven months, and theresults could be evaluated at the core angiographic laboratoryin 636 patients. The base-line characteristics of patients withangiographic follow-up data and those without such data weresimilar, except for a slightly greater prevalence of men amongthose with follow-up data (76.9 percent vs. 68.5 percent, P=0.009).The overall rate of restenosis was 40.8 percent after PTCA and22.2 percent after stenting (P<0.001), and the respectiverates of reocclusion of the infarct-related artery were 11.3percent and 5.7 percent (P=0.01), both independent of abciximabuse (Table 4). The left ventricular ejection fraction and regionalwall motion in the infarcted zone improved to a similar degreefrom base line to follow-up in all four groups (Table 4).
The survival benefit of PTCA over thrombolytic therapy derivesfrom the higher rates of antegrade epicardial TIMI grade 3 bloodflow, as well as from lower rates of reinfarction and stroke.1,2,3However, dissection and residual luminal narrowing after PTCAmay result in early or late reocclusion or restenosis.4 In thisregard, the mechanical scaffolding properties of coronary stents27,28may be expected further to enhance outcomes.
After the promising results of early pilot studies7,8,9 andsmall randomized trials10,11,12,13,14 of primary stenting inpatients with acute myocardial infarction, we randomly assigned900 patients to undergo either PTCA or stenting with use ofthe sheathed, heparin-coated Palmaz–Schatz stent as partof the Stent Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (PAMI)trial.15 Though stenting did reduce the rates of recurrent ischemiaand restenosis, the percentage of patients with TIMI grade 3flow rates was unexpectedly lower after stenting than afterPTCA, resulting in a strong trend toward increased intermediate-term15and late mortality rates (one-year survival, 97.0 percent afterPTCA, as compared with 94.6 percent after stenting; P=0.054)(unpublished data). This finding of slower antegrade flow afterstenting than after balloon angioplasty, which was subsequentlyreported by other groups,29,30 is at least partly attributableto the extrusion of thrombus through the stent struts, followedby distal embolization.31 Because of concern about the possibilityof reduced epicardial flow and increased mortality rates, routinestenting in patients with acute myocardial infarction has beenrecommended only for those with suboptimal PTCA results.15 However,abciximab was used in only 5 percent of patients in the StentPAMI trial.15 Since the thromboemboli that occur after mechanicalintervention are rich in platelets,31 blockade of glycoproteinIIb/IIIa receptors may have a particularly synergistic effectwhen paired with stent implantation. This contention is supportedby the findings of an earlier study, in which abciximab therapyduring stenting resulted in improved distal microcirculatoryflow capacity with a corresponding improvement in the earlyrecovery of myocardial function.18 Moreover, whether newer stentswith a lower profile could decrease the tendency toward distalembolization was unknown.
In contrast to the findings of the Stent PAMI trial,15 in thepresent study the percentage of patients with TIMI grade 3 flowrates was not significantly smaller after stenting with theMultiLink stent than after PTCA, nor was survival adverselyaffected with stenting. Indeed, despite the fact that the patientsin this study had entry criteria and base-line characteristicsthat were similar to those of patients in prior PAMI trials,1,8,15,32,33the percentages of patients with TIMI grade 3 flow rates (measuredat the same core laboratory) and rates of infarct-free survivalhave continued to increase. Whether this progress can be ascribedto improvements in stent design, increasing operator experience,or more appropriate use of adjunct pharmacotherapy is uncertain.Regardless of the reason, because of the markedly lower rateof clinical and angiographic restenosis, routine stenting resultedin a higher rate of event-free survival at six months than didPTCA, with no increase in early or late complications.
The use of abciximab reduced the rates of subacute thrombosisand recurrent ischemia leading to repeated revascularizationof the target vessel during the first several weeks after primaryPTCA or stenting. Abciximab did not, however, significantlyimprove TIMI flow rates or reduce the rates of angiographicrestenosis, late reocclusion of the infarcted artery, or latecardiac events after PTCA or stenting — a finding consistentwith the results of two prior randomized trials.17,18,19 Incontrast, abciximab therapy increased the event-free survivalrates at one and six months in a French multicenter, randomizedtrial, in which about 86 percent of the patients received stents.34Notably, however, the statistically significant improvementin late outcomes in that study was confined to the 26 percentof patients who received abciximab well in advance of catheterization,which resulted in a higher incidence of TIMI grade 3 flow ratesat base line.34 Moreover, the favorable effect of abciximabon left ventricular function two weeks after primary or rescuestenting reported by Neumann and colleagues18 in a single-centerstudy was not duplicated in our larger, multicenter trial atseven months, suggesting that the initiation of therapy withglycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors just before angioplasty mayenhance the speed but not the ultimate extent of myocardialrecovery. Finally, whether routine administration of a thienopyridine(ticlopidine or clopidogrel) in the emergency room, which hasbeen associated with increased rates of TIMI grade 3 flow beforePTCA35 and improved outcomes in patients with acute coronarysyndromes,35,36 diminished the relative efficacy of abciximabin this study is unknown.
The results of any randomized trial apply only to the patientcohort studied, and thus, the extent to which our study populationis representative of all patients with acute myocardial infarctionis a valid consideration. Our trial was large and broad in geographicscope; we used liberal entry criteria in the hope that the resultsmight be applicable to most patients who are candidates forprimary stenting. Moreover, we used a stent with a low-profile,sheathless delivery system similar to that of stents in currentuse. As a result, approximately 90 percent of the patients whomet the clinical enrollment criteria and who were eligible toreceive a stent underwent randomization. We therefore believeour results are applicable to the majority of patients who presentwith acute myocardial infarction. However, no conclusions canbe drawn from this study regarding optimal treatment strategiesfor patients in cardiogenic shock,37 patients with vein-graftocclusion,38 or patients who present more than 12 hours afterthe onset of symptoms. Cost-effectiveness considerations andfurther lesion-specific analysis of subgroups may also affectthe selection process for the use of stents and abciximab. Finally,we administered abciximab only in the catheterization laboratory.Future studies are warranted to investigate the value of theearly use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, either aloneor in combination with reduced doses of thrombolytic agents,to facilitate vessel patency before definitive mechanical revascularizationis attempted.35,39,40
Supported in part by Guidant, Lilly Research Laboratories, andMallinkrodt.
With the exception of Drs. Griffin and Rutherford, all of theauthors have received research support from, or have servedas consultants to, companies manufacturing interventional devicesor pharmaceutical agents relevant to this study. These companiesinclude, but are not limited to, Guidant and Lilly ResearchLaboratories, two of the sponsors of the study.
* The names of the investigators, research coordinators, and institutionsparticipating in the CADILLAC trial are listed in the Appendix.
Source Information
From the Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute, New York (G.W.S., A.J.L.); William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Mich. (C.L.G.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, N.C. (D.A.C.); Hospital Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain (E.G.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, N.C. (J.E.T.); Virginia Beach General Hospital, Virginia Beach, Va. (J.J.G.); Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Moses Cone Memorial Hospital, Greensboro, N.C. (T.S.); Doylestown Hospital, Doylestown, Pa. (M.T.); University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver (J.D.C.); and St. Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, Mo. (B.D.R.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Stone at the Cardiovascular Research Foundation, 55 E. 59th St., 6th Fl., New York, NY 10022, or at gstone{at}crf.org.
References
Weaver WD, Simes RJ, Betriu A, et al. Comparison of primary coronary angioplasty and intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review. JAMA 1997;278:2093-2098. [Erratum, JAMA 1998;279:1876.] [Free Full Text]
Zijlstra F, Hoorntje JCA, de Boer M-J, et al. Long-term benefit of primary angioplasty as compared with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1413-1419. [Free Full Text]
Nunn C, O'Neill WW, Rothbaum D, et al. Long-term outcome after primary angioplasty: report from the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (PAMI-I) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:640-646. [Free Full Text]
Stone GW, Grines CL, Browne KF, et al. Implications of recurrent ischemia after reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction: a comparison of thrombolytic therapy and primary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:66-72. [Abstract]
de Boer MJ, van Hout BA, Liem AL, Suryapranata H, Hoorntje JC, Zijlstra F. A cost-effective analysis of primary coronary angioplasty versus thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:830-833. [CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Stone GW, Grines CL, Rothbaum D, et al. Analysis of the relative costs and effectiveness of primary angioplasty versus tissue-type plasminogen activator: the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (PAMI) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:901-907. [Abstract]
Saito S, Hosokawa FG, Kim K, Tanaka S, Miyake S. Primary stent implantation without Coumadin in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:74-81. [Abstract]
Stone GW, Brodie BR, Griffin JJ, et al. Clinical and angiographic follow-up after primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction: the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (PAMI) stent pilot trial. Circulation 1999;99:1548-1554. [Free Full Text]
Serruys PW, Grines CL, Stone GW, et al. Stent implantation in acute myocardial infarction using a heparin-coated stent: a pilot study as a preamble to a randomized trial comparing balloon angioplasty and stenting. J Interventional Cardiovasc Interventions 1998;1:19-27.
Suryapranata H, van't Hof AW, Hoorntje JC, de Boer MJ, Zijlstra F. Randomized comparison of coronary stenting with balloon angioplasty in selected patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;97:2502-2505. [Free Full Text]
Rodriguez A, Bernardi V, Fernandez M, et al. In-hospital and late results of coronary stents versus conventional balloon angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (GRAMI trial). Am J Cardiol 1998;81:1286-1291. [CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Saito S, Hosokawa G, Tanaka S, Nakamura S. Primary stent implantation is superior to balloon angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction: final results of the primary angioplasty versus stent implantation in acute myocardial infarction (PASTA) trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 1999;48:262-268. [CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Antoniucci D, Santoro GM, Bolognese L, Valenti R, Trapani M, Fazzini PF. A clinical trial comparing primary stenting of the infarct-related artery with optimal primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: results from the Florence Randomized Elective Stenting in Acute Coronary Occlusions (FRESCO) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1234-1239. [Free Full Text]
Maillard L, Hamon M, Khalife K, et al. A comparison of systematic stenting and conventional balloon angioplasty during primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1729-1736. [Free Full Text]
Grines CL, Cox DA, Stone GW, et al. Coronary angioplasty with or without stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1949-1956. [Free Full Text]
Lefkovits J, Ivanhoe RJ, Califf RM, et al. Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade by a chimeric monoclonal antibody (abciximab) on acute and six-month outcomes after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:1045-1051. [CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Brener SJ, Barr LA, Burchenal JE, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;98:734-741. [Free Full Text]
Neumann FJ, Blasini R, Schmitt C, et al. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade on recovery of coronary flow and left ventricular function after the placement of coronary-artery stents in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;98:2695-2701. [Free Full Text]
Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Schmitt C, et al. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade with abciximab on clinical and angiographic restenosis rate after the placement of coronary stents following acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:915-921. [Free Full Text]
Carrozza JP Jr, Hermiller JB Jr, Linnemeier TJ, et al. Quantitative coronary angiographic and intravascular ultrasound assessment of a new nonarticulated stent: report from the Advanced Cardiovascular Systems MultiLink stent pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:50-56. [Free Full Text]
Kereiakes DJ, Midei M, Hermiller J, et al. Procedural and late outcomes following MULTI-LINK DUET coronary stent deployment. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:1385-1390. [CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Lansky A, Popma J. Qualitative and quantitative angiography. In: Topol EJ, ed. Textbook of interventional cardiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999:725-47.
Dodge HT, Sandler H, Ballew DW, Lord JD Jr. The use of biplane angiography for the measurement of left ventricular volume in man. Am Heart J 1960;60:762-776. [CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Sheehan FH, Bolson EL, Dodge HT, Mathey DG, Schofer J, Woo HW. Advantages and applications of the centerline chord method for characterizing regional ventricular function. Circulation 1986;74:293-305. [Free Full Text]
Lee ET. Statistical methods for survival data analysis. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley, 1992:126-7.
Serruys PW, de Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F, et al. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1994;331:489-495. [Free Full Text]
Fischman DL, Leon MB, Baim DS, et al. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1994;331:496-501. [Free Full Text]
Wakatsuki T, Nakamura M, Tsunoda T, et al. Coronary flow velocity immediately after primary coronary stenting as a predictor of ventricular wall motion recovery in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1835-1841. [Free Full Text]
Belli G, Pezzano A, De Biase AM, et al. Adjunctive thrombus aspiration and mechanical protection from distal embolization in primary percutaneous intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2000;50:362-370. [CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Erbel R, Heusch G. Coronary microembolization -- its role in acute coronary syndromes and interventions. Herz 1999;24:558-575. [Web of Science][Medline]
Stone GW, Marsalese D, Brodie BR, et al. A prospective, randomized evaluation of prophylactic intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in high risk patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1459-1467. [Abstract]
Grines CL, Marsalese DL, Brodie B, et al. Safety and cost effectiveness of early discharge after primary angioplasty in low risk patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:967-972. [Free Full Text]
Montalescot G, Barragan P, Wittenberg O, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1895-1903. [Free Full Text]
Stone GW, Cox D, Garcia E, et al. Normal flow (TIMI-3) before mechanical reperfusion therapy is an independent determinant of survival in acute myocardial infarction: analysis from the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction trials. Circulation 2001;104:636-641. [Free Full Text]
The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001;345:494-504. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 2001;345:1506, 1716.] [Free Full Text]
Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 1999;341:625-634. [Free Full Text]
Stone GW, Brodie BR, Griffin JJ, et al. Clinical and angiographic outcomes in patients with previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery treated with primary balloon angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:605-611. [Free Full Text]
Ross AM, Coyne KS, Reiner JS, et al. A randomized trial comparing primary angioplasty with a strategy of short-acting thrombolysis and immediate planned rescue angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction: the PACT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1954-1962. [Free Full Text]
Herrmann HC, Moliterno DJ, Ohman EM, et al. Facilitation of early percutaneous coronary intervention after reteplase with or without abciximab in acute myocardial infarction: results from the SPEED (GUSTO-4 Pilot) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1489-1496. [Free Full Text]
Appendix
The following investigators, research coordinators, and institutionsparticipated in the study: Executive Committee — G.W.Stone (principal investigator), C.L. Grines (co-principal investigator),E. Garcia (European chairman), J.E. Tcheng, G. Johnson, M. Effron;Data Monitoring — Medical Device Division, Bailor Research,Santa Clara, Calif.; D. McHugh (director); Data Management andBiostatistical Analysis — Guidant, Santa Clara, Calif.;S. Gedney, P. Hormel, R. White, D. Deyette, K. Anderberg, M.Saunders, N. Nishimura, S. Marucco, J. Kennedy, B. Madison,D. Taylor, D. Jones; Clinical Events Adjudication Committee— Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, N.C.; K. Mahaffey(director); Data Safety and Monitoring Committee — B.Gersh (chairman), A. Yeung, A. Guerci, D. DeMets; AngiographicCore Laboratory — Cardiovascular Research Foundation,New York; A.J. Lansky (director), K. Desai; ElectrocardiographicCore Laboratory — Cardiovascular Data and Analysis Center,Boston; P. Zimmetbaum (director); Resource Utilization and HealthEconomics Analysis — Cardiovascular Data and AnalysisCenter, Boston; D.J. Cohen (director); Intravascular UltrasoundImaging Core Laboratory — Cleveland Clinic Foundation,Cleveland; S. Nissen (director), M. Tuczu (co-director); Investigatorsand research personnel — K. Abbo, A. Abizaid, R. Acevedo,M. Ahmad, S. Ajluni, P. Albertsson, A. Alfieri, C. Allen, S.Almany, A. Aluko, J. Amill, D. Anderson, R.A. Anderson, G.E.Andrae, M. Antman, S. Arriaza, A. Arthur, M. Attubato, J.P.Babb, P. Bach, P. Baciewicz, S. Bailey, D. Baim, J. Baird, M.W.Ball, A. Banks, L. Barr, A. Bartel, J. Bartolozzi, M. Baylacher,J. Bedotto, C. Bell, M. Bell, R. Bellinger, D. Bembridge, J.Bengston, K. Benzuly, P. Berger, D. Berkompas, A. Berman, J.Berry, A. Bhaskaran, L. Bigler, B. Block, P.C. Block, M. Borbone,J. Bosmans, T. Bowers, K. Boyle, W. Breisblatt, J. Bresnahan,B. Brodie, M. Brodsky, A. Brown, J. Brush, N. Buchbinder, D.C.Buckley, J. Burchenal, R. Burns, G. Caballero, B. Cabrera, J.M.Cahill, P. Cambier, W. Campbell, R. Caputo, J.D. Carroll, J.Carrozza, A. Carter, P.N. Casale, J. Chandler, H. Chen, L. Chepurk,R. Chilton, N. Choksi, A. Chu, A. Ciuffo, M. Claeys, B. Clemson,D. Cohen, E. Cohen, H. Cohen, J. Cohn, T. Collins, J. Conner-Kane,C. Costantini, M. Cothern, P. Counihan, D. Cox, W. Cox, L. Crawford,R. Crawford, D. Curatola, D.J. Cutler, C. Davidson, J. Deeb,A. DeFranco, M. de Freitas Santos, C. D'Haem, M. DeGregorio,J.L. Delcan-Dominguez, C.B. DeLucas, S. Deron, W. Devlin, W.A.Dietz, C. Doiron, R.R. Domescek, B. Donohue, R. Doroghazi, D.N.Doud, K. Dowd, D. Dowdy, D. Drenning, J.T. Eagan, J. Edmunds,D. Eich, N. Eigler, P. Eikenberry, L. Ekstrom, C.D. Elliott,R. Engelmeier, E. Enger, E. Epis, B. Erikson, P. Esente, M.C.Fahrenbach, A. Farah, L. Farley, D. Faxon, F. Feit, M. Feldman,R. Feldman, F. Feres, D. Fintel, T. Fischell, D. Fisher, L.A.Flowers, C. Fonte, M. Foster, H. Friedman, K. Fullin, J. Furiasse,M. Furman, F. Galli, V. Gangadharan, P. Ganz, D. Garber, E.Garcia, K. Garratt, H.B. Garrison, F. Gasiewiecz, R. Gentzler,A. Giambartolomei, K. Gibbs, L. Giorgi, J.J. Glazier, M.E. Gogenola,M. Goldberg, L. Goldman, J. Goldstein, R. Gomez, L. Goodreau,M.J. Goodwin, J. Gorcolea, M. Gordan, B. Gostamsky, T. Grady,S. Green, J.D. Greenberg, J. Griffin, S. Griffin, C.L. Grines,L. Grip, H.E. Gross, B. Groves, D. Grubbs, P. Gruenwald, G.Guagliumi, G. Gubernikoff, D. Gumm, A. Gupta, R. Gwynn, B. Hall,P. Hall, M.B. Harding, J. Harper, C. Hartman, A. Hatch, C. Hatler,J. Heinsimer, M. Heintzen, K.H. Henneke, D.A. Henry, J.B Hermiller,R.A. Hernandez, R. Heuser, S. Higano, P. Higgins, W. Hill, Z.I.Hodes, M. Hoffmann, L. Hollywood, D. Holmes, M. Hong, J. Hopkins,K. Huber, J. Hutchinson, J. Ibarra, M. In, R. Ivanhoe, R. Iwaoka,M. Izzo, Z. Jafar, F. Jalinous, S. Janzer, P.G. Javier, S. Jenkins,S. Johansson, A. Johnson, E. Johnson, S. Johnson, W. Johnson,S. Jones, J. Joye, J. Kahn, J. Kamen, B. Kaplan, S. Katz, N.Keenum, N. Keller, M. Kellett, J. Kelly, T.A. Kelly, A. Kemp,J. Kenerson, J.D. Kennett, P.M. Kerwin, M. Khorsandi, S. Kiesz,J.W. Kinn, K. Kioussopoulos, R. Kipperman, J. Kirshenbaum, V.Klauss, T. Klevan, J. Kloepfer, S. Kopecky, S. Korba, M. Kreager,M. Krucoff, R.E. Kuntz, P. Kupsch, S.C. Kurtz, J. Laird, D.Landers, R.J. Landin, R. Lapenna, D. Lasorda, S. Laster, C.Lastinger, G. Leatherman, J. Lee, G. Leidig, M.B. Leon, N. Lepor,M. Lesko, R. Levin, H. Levite, T.J. Linnemeier, D. Lips, D.Lipskis, F. Litvack, J. Lobl, W.T. Logemann, H. Londero, A.Lopez, D. Loss, L. Lowder, P. Ludmer, P. Luettmer, S. Lunow,C. Macaya, E. Magarinos, P. Maki, R. Makkar, G.A. Maldonado,R. Manda, J. Mandelkorn, J.C. Marek, G. Marinescu, M. Markarian,K. Markowski, D. Marsalese, S. Matheson, V. Mathew, D. Mathias,L.A. Mattos, L.P. Maxwell, J. Mcbrayer, J. McDonnell, J.F. McGarvey,M. Mckinney, J. Mclean, C. Mego, D.M. Mego, A. Mehra, C. Meils,K. Melegrito, O. Mendez, S. Meyers, C.J. Michel, B. Michelson,S. Milks, E. Miller, M. Miller, J.F. Mnuk, P. Montgomery, R.Moreno, D. Morrison, C. Moser, H. Mudra, D. Murdock, B. Murphy,P.J. Nahser, P. Nail, J. Nee, I. Nerfield, G. Niess, M. O'Donnell,W. Old, K. Olson, W.W. O'Neill, L. Ong, E. Oqueli, R. Osborn,D. Pakstis, J. Palido, F. Paoletti, J. Parker, J. Pasquini,K. Patel, A. Perkowski, S. Peterson, T. Peyton, R. Piana, D.Pierce, I.M.F. Pinto, A. Piti, L. Politte, J. Popma, S. Portz,M. Potrikus, J. Power, S.T. Prabhu, A. Pichard, D. Primack,M. Pulsiphermo, M. Rabah, E. Rahman, S. Ramee, R. Ramos, R.Raneses, R.A. Rauh, K. Reddy, G. Reeder, B. Reen, M. Reger,D. Rembarger, M.J. Ricciarrdi, C. Rihal, M. Rijo, M. Ring, J.Ritter, D. Rizik, J. Robbins, W. Robbins, D. Roberts, A.R. Rodriguez,C. Rogers, P. Rooney, S. Rosenblum, D. Rosenfelder, J. Roshid,D.A. Rothbaum, S.M. Rowley, D. Rubin, B. Rutherford, T.J. Ryan,Jr., C.B. Saenz, R. Safian, A. Sampaolesi, B. Samuels, M. Sanmartin,E. Santoian, L. Satler, V. Savas, B. Scarpari, S. Schauer, F.Schersten, M. Schmidhofer, P. Schmidt, T. Schreiber, P.M. Scuri,A. Seals, F. Segovia, E. Sehgal, A. Selwin, J.L. Sendon-Hentschel,V. Sethi, D. Shaddinger, N. Shadoff, L. Shaw, S. Shimamoto,W. Shimkof, T. Shimshak, M. Shoukfeh, B. Sickinger, R. Siegel,D. Simon, A. Simons, J. Slovak, R. Small, C. Smith, G.T. Smith,H.W. Smith, M.L. Smucker, T. Soleimani, J. Solem, A.G.M.R. Sousa,E. Sousa, J. Souther, T. Spaedy, R. Stack, N. Stadler de SouzaFilho, R. Staico, F. St. Goar, R. Steele, J.F. Stella, H.U.K.Stempfle, W.J. Stephan, C. Stephens, M. Stigent, M. Stillabower,R. Stine, G.W. Stone, W. Strickland, R. Strumpf, T. Stuckey,S. Stusek, D.P. Sullivan, E.W. Supple, D. Sutherland, T. Symens,A. Szyniszewski, S. Taaback, L.F. Tanajura, S.G. Tarbine, A.S.Taussig, J. Tcheng, J. Telauna, M. Tespili, R. Terry, R.T. Tilbury,F. Tilli, H. Ting, R. Towne, M. Turco, Z. Turi, A. Turk, P.Underwood, P. Vaidya, O. Valsecchi, J. Valuck, G. VanCupp, M.H.Vawter, M. Veenendal, C. Vrints, T. Wahlmergd, D. Wahr, R. Wakefield,J. Walder, G. Walford, D. Walsh, M. Wash, B. Weiner, I.R. Weinstein,R. Weintraub, K. Wennerblom, J. West, S. Westberg, D. Westerhausen,C. White, R. White, R. Wholey, D. Williams, J. Williams, W.Willis, Jr., J.S. Wilson, M.A. Wilson, J. Wisner, C. Wojciechowski,T. Wong, S. Woodfield, W. Woods, G. Woodworth, W. Wright, W.Wu, H.S. Zeman, J. Zidar, H. Zimring, M. Zolnick.
Di Lorenzo, E., De Luca, G., Sauro, R., Varricchio, A., Capasso, M., Lanzillo, T., Manganelli, F., Mariello, C., Siano, F., Pagliuca, M. R., Stanco, G., Rosato, G.
(2009). The PASEO (PaclitAxel or Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Versus Bare Metal Stent in Primary Angioplasty) Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv
2: 515-523
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mehran, R., Stone, G. W.
(2009). New paradigms of care for STEMI focusing on mortality and attributable death analysis: what do device and drug trials teach us?. Eur Heart J Suppl
11: C4-C8
[Abstract][Full Text]
Guagliumi, G.
(2009). Emerging data and decision for optimizing STEMI management: the European perspective. Eur Heart J Suppl
11: C19-C24
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stone, G. W., Lansky, A. J., Pocock, S. J., Gersh, B. J., Dangas, G., Wong, S. C., Witzenbichler, B., Guagliumi, G., Peruga, J. Z., Brodie, B. R., Dudek, D., Mockel, M., Ochala, A., Kellock, A., Parise, H., Mehran, R., the HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators,
(2009). Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents versus Bare-Metal Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction. NEJM
360: 1946-1959
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mehilli, J., Kastrati, A., Schulz, S., Frungel, S., Nekolla, S. G., Moshage, W., Dotzer, F., Huber, K., Pache, J., Dirschinger, J., Seyfarth, M., Martinoff, S., Schwaiger, M., Schomig, A., for the Bavarian Reperfusion Alternatives Evaluati,
(2009). Abciximab in Patients With Acute ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention After Clopidogrel Loading: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial. Circulation
119: 1933-1940
[Abstract][Full Text]
Aoki, J., Lansky, A. J., Mehran, R., Moses, J., Bertrand, M. E., McLaurin, B. T., Cox, D. A., Lincoff, A. M., Ohman, E. M., White, H. D., Parise, H., Leon, M. B., Stone, G. W.
(2009). Early Stent Thrombosis in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Treated With Drug-Eluting and Bare Metal Stents: The Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy Trial. Circulation
119: 687-698
[Abstract][Full Text]
Marenzi, G., Assanelli, E., Campodonico, J., Lauri, G., Marana, I., De Metrio, M., Moltrasio, M., Grazi, M., Rubino, M., Veglia, F., Fabbiocchi, F., Bartorelli, A. L.
(2009). Contrast Volume During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Subsequent Contrast-Induced Nephropathy and Mortality. ANN INTERN MED
150: 170-177
[Abstract][Full Text]
Napodano, M., Ramondo, A., Tarantini, G., Peluso, D., Compagno, S., Fraccaro, C., Frigo, A. C., Razzolini, R., Iliceto, S.
(2009). Predictors and time-related impact of distal embolization during primary angioplasty. Eur Heart J
30: 305-313
[Abstract][Full Text]
Romagnoli, E, Burzotta, F, Trani, C, Siviglia, M, Biondi-Zoccai, G G L, Niccoli, G, Leone, A M, Porto, I, Mazzari, M A, Mongiardo, R, Rebuzzi, A G, Schiavoni, G, Crea, F
(2009). EuroSCORE as predictor of in-hospital mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart
95: 43-48
[Abstract][Full Text]
Authors/Task Force Members, , Van de Werf, F., Bax, J., Betriu, A., Blomstrom-Lundqvist, C., Crea, F., Falk, V., Filippatos, G., Fox, K., Huber, K., Kastrati, A., Rosengren, A., Steg, P. G., Tubaro, M., Verheugt, F., Weidinger, F., Weis, M., ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG), , Vahanian, A., Camm, J., De Caterina, R., Dean, V., Dickstein, K., Filippatos, G., Funck-Brentano, C., Hellemans, I., Kristensen, S. D., McGregor, K., Sechtem, U., Silber, S., Tendera, M., Widimsky, P., Zamorano, J. L., Document Reviewers, , Silber, S., Aguirre, F. V., Al-Attar, N., Alegria, E., Andreotti, F., Benzer, W., Breithardt, O., Danchin, N., Mario, C. D., Dudek, D., Gulba, D., Halvorsen, S., Kaufmann, P., Kornowski, R., Lip, G. Y. H., Rutten, F.
(2008). Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force on the management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology:. Eur Heart J
29: 2909-2945
[Full Text]
De Luca, G.
(2008). Adjunctive antithrombotic therapy during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J Suppl
10: J2-J14
[Abstract][Full Text]
Antoniucci, D.
(2008). The balance between bleeding and ischaemic complications in percutnaeous coronary intervention practice. Eur Heart J Suppl
10: J21-J25
[Full Text]
Vlaar, P. J., Svilaas, T., Damman, K., de Smet, B. J.G.L., Tijssen, J. G.P., Hillege, H. L., Zijlstra, F.
(2008). Impact of Pretreatment With Clopidogrel on Initial Patency and Outcome in Patients Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review. Circulation
118: 1828-1836
[Abstract][Full Text]
Albertal, M., Cura, F., Escudero, A. G., Padilla, L. T., Thierer, J., Trivi, M., Belardi, J. A, PREMIAR InvestigatorsBelardi,
(2008). Relationship Between Collateral Circulation and Successful Myocardial Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Subanalysis of the PREMIAR Trial. ANGIOLOGY
59: 587-592
[Abstract]
Kelbaek, H., Thuesen, L., Helqvist, S., Clemmensen, P., Klovgaard, L., Kaltoft, A., Andersen, B., Thuesen, H., Engstrom, T., Botker, H. E., Saunamaki, K., Krusell, L. R., Jorgensen, E., Hansen, H.-H. T., Christiansen, E. H., Ravkilde, J., Kober, L., Kofoed, K. F., Terkelsen, C. J., Lassen, J. F., for the DEDICATION Investigators,
(2008). Drug-Eluting Versus Bare Metal Stents in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Eight-Month Follow-Up in the Drug Elution and Distal Protection in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DEDICATION) Trial. Circulation
118: 1155-1162
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ndrepepa, G., Mehilli, J., Schulz, S., Iijima, R., Keta, D., Byrne, R. A., Pache, J., Seyfarth, M., Schomig, A., Kastrati, A.
(2008). Prognostic Significance of Epicardial Blood Flow Before and After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol
52: 512-517
[Abstract][Full Text]
Martin-Rendon, E., Brunskill, S. J., Hyde, C. J., Stanworth, S. J., Mathur, A., Watt, S. M.
(2008). Autologous bone marrow stem cells to treat acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Eur Heart J
29: 1807-1818
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ikari, Y., Sakurada, M., Kozuma, K., Kawano, S., Katsuki, T., Kimura, K., Suzuki, T., Yamashita, T., Takizawa, A., Misumi, K., Hashimoto, H., Isshiki, T., VAMPIRE Investigators,
(2008). Upfront Thrombus Aspiration in Primary Coronary Intervention for Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction: Report of the VAMPIRE (VAcuuM asPIration thrombus REmoval) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv
1: 424-431
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stone, G. W.
(2008). Angioplasty Strategies in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Part I: Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circulation
118: 538-551
[Full Text]
Lee, M. S., Tseng, C.-H., Barker, C. M., Menon, V., Steckman, D., Shemin, R., Hochman, J. S.
(2008). Outcome After Surgery and Percutaneous Intervention for Cardiogenic Shock and Left Main Disease. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
86: 29-34
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lindholm, M. G., Boesgaard, S., Thune, J. J., Kelbaek, H., Andersen, H. R., Kober, L., DANAMI-2 investigators,
(2008). Percutaneous coronary intervention for acute MI does not prevent in-hospital development of cardiogenic shock compared to fibrinolysis. Eur J Heart Fail
10: 668-674
[Abstract][Full Text]
Thiele, H., Schindler, K., Friedenberger, J., Eitel, I., Furnau, G., Grebe, E., Erbs, S., Linke, A., Mobius-Winkler, S., Kivelitz, D., Schuler, G.
(2008). Intracoronary Compared With Intravenous Bolus Abciximab Application in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The Randomized Leipzig Immediate Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Abciximab IV Versus IC in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Trial. Circulation
118: 49-57
[Abstract][Full Text]
Patrono, C., Baigent, C., Hirsh, J., Roth, G.
(2008). Antiplatelet Drugs: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest
133: 199S-233S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Goodman, S. G., Menon, V., Cannon, C. P., Steg, G., Ohman, E. M., Harrington, R. A.
(2008). Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest
133: 708S-775S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stone, G. W., Witzenbichler, B., Guagliumi, G., Peruga, J. Z., Brodie, B. R., Dudek, D., Kornowski, R., Hartmann, F., Gersh, B. J., Pocock, S. J., Dangas, G., Wong, S. C., Kirtane, A. J., Parise, H., Mehran, R., the HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators,
(2008). Bivalirudin during Primary PCI in Acute Myocardial Infarction. NEJM
358: 2218-2230
[Abstract][Full Text]
Waldmann, A., Katalinic, A., Schwaab, B., Richardt, G., Sheikhzadeh, A., Raspe, H.
(2008). The TeleGuard trial of additional telemedicine care in CAD patients. 2 Morbidity and mortality after 12 months. J Telemed Telecare
14: 22-26
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grines, C. L., Goldstein, J. A., Safian, R. D.
(2008). Should We Routinely Use Drug-Eluting Stents for Acute Myocardial Infarction?: Let's Wait and See. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv
1: 136-138
[Full Text]
Sjauw, K. D., Remmelink, M., Baan, J. Jr, Lam, K., Engstrom, A. E., van der Schaaf, R. J., Vis, M. M., Koch, K. T., van Straalen, J. P., Tijssen, J. G.P., de Mol, B. A.J.M., de Winter, R. J., Piek, J. J., Henriques, J. P.S.
(2008). Left ventricular unloading in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients is safe and feasible and provides acute and sustained left ventricular recovery.. J Am Coll Cardiol
51: 1044-1046
[Full Text]
Sianos, G., Papafaklis, M. I., Daemen, J., Vaina, S., van Mieghem, C. A., van Domburg, R. T., Michalis, L. K., Serruys, P. W.
(2008). Reply.. J Am Coll Cardiol
51: 1047-1047
[Full Text]
Kelbaek, H., Terkelsen, C. J., Helqvist, S., Lassen, J. F., Clemmensen, P., Klovgaard, L., Kaltoft, A., Engstrom, T., Botker, H. E., Saunamaki, K., Krusell, L. R., Jorgensen, E., Hansen, H.-H. T., Christiansen, E. H., Ravkilde, J., Kober, L., Kofoed, K. F., Thuesen, L.
(2008). Randomized comparison of distal protection versus conventional treatment in primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the drug elution and distal protection in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (DEDICATION) trial.. J Am Coll Cardiol
51: 899-905
[Abstract][Full Text]
van der Hoeven, B. L., Liem, S.-S., Jukema, J. W., Suraphakdee, N., Putter, H., Dijkstra, J., Atsma, D. E., Bootsma, M., Zeppenfeld, K., Oemrawsingh, P. V., van der Wall, E. E., Schalij, M. J.
(2008). Sirolimus-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: 9-month angiographic and intravascular ultrasound results and 12-month clinical outcome results from the MISSION! Intervention Study.. J Am Coll Cardiol
51: 618-626
[Abstract][Full Text]
Moliterno, D. J., Ziada, K. M.
(2008). The safety and efficacy of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors for primary angioplasty: more options to choose and more time to decide.. J Am Coll Cardiol
51: 536-537
[Full Text]
Grayburn, P. A., Choi, J. W.
(2008). Advances in the assessment of no-reflow after successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: now that we can diagnose it, what do we do about it?. J Am Coll Cardiol
51: 566-568
[Full Text]
Roffi, M., Mukherjee, D.
(2008). Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors--end of an era?. Eur Heart J
29: 429-431
[Full Text]
George, I., Oz, M. C.
(2008). Myocardial Revascularization after Acute Myocardial Infarction. Card Surg Adult
3: 669-696
[Full Text]
Kruk, M., Kadziela, J., Reynolds, H. R., Forman, S. A., Sadowski, Z., Barton, B. A., Mark, D. B., Maggioni, A. P., Leor, J., Webb, J. G., Kapeliovich, M., Marin-Neto, J. A., White, H. D., Lamas, G. A., Hochman, J. S.
(2008). Predictors of Outcome and the Lack of Effect of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Across the Risk Strata in Patients With Persistent Total Occlusion After Myocardial Infarction. Results From the Occluded Artery Trial (OAT).. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv
1: 511-520
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kastrati, A., Dibra, A., Spaulding, C., Laarman, G. J., Menichelli, M., Valgimigli, M., Di Lorenzo, E., Kaiser, C., Tierala, I., Mehilli, J., Seyfarth, M., Varenne, O., Dirksen, M. T., Percoco, G., Varricchio, A., Pittl, U., Syvanne, M., Suttorp, M. J., Violini, R., Schomig, A.
(2007). Meta-analysis of randomized trials on drug-eluting stents vs. bare-metal stents in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J
28: 2706-2713
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vlaar, P. J., de Smet, B. J. G. L., Zijlstra, F.
(2007). DES or BMS in acute myocardial infarction?. Eur Heart J
28: 2693-2694
[Full Text]
Colombo, A., Chieffo, A.
(2007). Drug-Eluting Stent Update 2007: Part III: Technique and Unapproved/Unsettled Indications (Left Main, Bifurcations, Chronic Total Occlusions, Small Vessels and Long Lesions, Saphenous Vein Grafts, Acute Myocardial Infarctions, and Multivessel Disease). Circulation
116: 1424-1432
[Full Text]
Sianos, G., Papafaklis, M. I., Daemen, J., Vaina, S., van Mieghem, C. A., van Domburg, R. T., Michalis, L. K., Serruys, P. W.
(2007). Angiographic Stent Thrombosis After Routine Use of Drug-Eluting Stents in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: The Importance of Thrombus Burden. J Am Coll Cardiol
50: 573-583
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sorajja, P., Gersh, B. J., Cox, D. A., McLaughlin, M. G., Zimetbaum, P., Costantini, C., Stuckey, T., Tcheng, J. E., Mehran, R., Lansky, A. J., Grines, C. L., Stone, G. W.
(2007). Impact of multivessel disease on reperfusion success and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J
28: 1709-1716
[Abstract][Full Text]
Svilaas, T., van der Horst, I. C C, Zijlstra, F.
(2007). A quantitative estimate of bare-metal stenting compared with balloon angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction: angiographic measures in relation to clinical outcome. Heart
93: 792-800
[Abstract][Full Text]
Menichelli, M., Parma, A., Pucci, E., Fiorilli, R., De Felice, F., Nazzaro, M., Giulivi, A., Alborino, D., Azzellino, A., Violini, R.
(2007). Randomized Trial of Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Versus Bare-Metal Stent in Acute Myocardial Infarction (SESAMI). J Am Coll Cardiol
49: 1924-1930
[Abstract][Full Text]
Meadows, T. A., Bhatt, D. L.
(2007). Clinical Aspects of Platelet Inhibitors and Thrombus Formation. Circ. Res.
100: 1261-1275
[Abstract][Full Text]
Maioli, M., Bellandi, F., Leoncini, M., Toso, A., Dabizzi, R. P.
(2007). Randomized Early Versus Late Abciximab in Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Coronary Intervention (RELAx-AMI Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol
49: 1517-1524
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fernandez-Aviles, F., Alonso, J. J., Pena, G., Blanco, J., Alonso-Briales, J., Lopez-Mesa, J., Fernandez-Vazquez, F., Moreu, J., Hernandez, R. A., Castro-Beiras, A., Gabriel, R., Gibson, C. M., Sanchez, P. L., for the GRACIA-2 (Grupo de Analisis de la Cardiopa,
(2007). Primary angioplasty vs. early routine post-fibrinolysis angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation: the GRACIA-2 non-inferiority, randomized, controlled trial. Eur Heart J
28: 949-960
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jacobson, K. M, Hall Long, K., McMurtry, E. K, Naessens, J. M, Rihal, C. S
(2007). The economic burden of complications during percutaneous coronary intervention. Qual Saf Health Care
16: 154-159
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lerman, A., Holmes, D. R., Herrmann, J., Gersh, B. J.
(2007). Microcirculatory dysfunction in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: cause, consequence, or both?. Eur Heart J
28: 788-797
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hollenbeak, C. S., Fitzgibbons, J. P., Rossi, M., Morris, D. L., Stillman, P.
(2007). The Impact of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions on Outcomes for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Pennsylvania. American Journal of Medical Quality
22: 85-94
[Abstract]
Montalescot, G., Antoniucci, D., Kastrati, A., Neumann, F. J., Borentain, M., Migliorini, A., Boutron, C., Collet, J.-P., Vicaut, E.
(2007). Abciximab in primary coronary stenting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a European meta-analysis on individual patients' data with long-term follow-up. Eur Heart J
28: 443-449
[Abstract][Full Text]
Retuerto, M. A., Beckmann, J. T., Carbray, J., Patejunas, G., Sarateanu, S., Kane, B. J., Smulevitz, B., McPherson, D. D., Rosengart, T. K.
(2007). Angiogenic pretreatment to enhance myocardial function after cellular cardiomyoplasty with skeletal myoblasts. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
133: 478-484
[Abstract][Full Text]
Raveendran, G., Ting, H. H., Best, P. J., Holmes, D. R. Jr, Lennon, R. J., Singh, M., Bell, M. R., Long, K. H., Rihal, C. S.
(2007). Eptifibatide vs Abciximab as Adjunctive Therapy During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Mayo Clin Proc.
82: 196-202
[Abstract][Full Text]
Keeley, E. C., Hillis, L. D.
(2007). Primary PCI for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation. NEJM
356: 47-54
[Full Text]
Dzau, V. J., Antman, E. M., Black, H. R., Hayes, D. L., Manson, J. E., Plutzky, J., Popma, J. J., Stevenson, W.
(2006). The Cardiovascular Disease Continuum Validated: Clinical Evidence of Improved Patient Outcomes: Part II: Clinical Trial Evidence (Acute Coronary Syndromes Through Renal Disease) and Future Directions. Circulation
114: 2871-2891
[Full Text]
Kastrup, J., Ripa, R. S., Wang, Y., Jorgensen, E.
(2006). Myocardial regeneration induced by granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor mobilization of stem cells in patients with acute or chronic ischaemic heart disease: a non-invasive alternative for clinical stem cell therapy?. Eur Heart J
27: 2748-2754
[Abstract][Full Text]
Leone, A M, Galiuto, L, Rutella, S, Giannico, M B, Brugaletta, S, Garramone, B, De Stefano, V, Liuzzo, G, Calcagni, M L, Cirillo, F, Giordano, A, Niccoli, G, Biasucci, L M, Rebuzzi, A G, Leone, G, Crea, F
(2006). Safety of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor in acute myocardial infarction (the Rigenera study). Heart
92: 1850-1851
[Full Text]
Montalescot, G.
(2006). Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in the Elderly: Fear of Age or Age of Fear?. Circulation
114: 2004-2006
[Full Text]
Silva-Orrego, P., Colombo, P., Bigi, R., Gregori, D., Delgado, A., Salvade, P., Oreglia, J., Orrico, P., de Biase, A., Piccalo, G., Bossi, I., Klugmann, S.
(2006). Thrombus Aspiration Before Primary Angioplasty Improves Myocardial Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction: The DEAR-MI (Dethrombosis to Enhance Acute Reperfusion in Myocardial Infarction) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol
48: 1552-1559
[Abstract][Full Text]
Heer, T, Zeymer, U, Juenger, C, Gitt, A K, Wienbergen, H, Zahn, R, Gottwik, M, Senges, J, for the Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACOS) Registry I,
(2006). Beneficial effects of abciximab in patients with primary percutaneous intervention for acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in clinical practice. Heart
92: 1484-1489
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schachinger, V., Erbs, S., Elsasser, A., Haberbosch, W., Hambrecht, R., Holschermann, H., Yu, J., Corti, R., Mathey, D. G., Hamm, C. W., Suselbeck, T., Assmus, B., Tonn, T., Dimmeler, S., Zeiher, A. M., the REPAIR-AMI Investigators,
(2006). Intracoronary bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction.. NEJM
355: 1210-1221
[Abstract][Full Text]
Assmus, B., Honold, J., Schachinger, V., Britten, M. B., Fischer-Rasokat, U., Lehmann, R., Teupe, C., Pistorius, K., Martin, H., Abolmaali, N. D., Tonn, T., Dimmeler, S., Zeiher, A. M.
(2006). Transcoronary transplantation of progenitor cells after myocardial infarction.. NEJM
355: 1222-1232
[Abstract][Full Text]
Coca, S. G., Krumholz, H. M., Garg, A. X., Parikh, C. R.
(2006). Underrepresentation of renal disease in randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular disease.. JAMA
296: 1377-1384
[Abstract][Full Text]
Borden, W. B., Faxon, D. P.
(2006). Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol
48: 1120-1128
[Abstract][Full Text]
Spaulding, C., Henry, P., Teiger, E., Beatt, K., Bramucci, E., Carrie, D., Slama, M. S., Merkely, B., Erglis, A., Margheri, M., Varenne, O., Cebrian, A., Stoll, H.-P., Snead, D. B., Bode, C., the TYPHOON Investigators,
(2006). Sirolimus-Eluting versus Uncoated Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction. NEJM
355: 1093-1104
[Abstract][Full Text]
Murphey, L. J., Malave, H. A., Petro, J., Biaggioni, I., Byrne, D. W., Vaughan, D. E., Luther, J. M., Pretorius, M., Brown, N. J.
(2006). Bradykinin and Its Metabolite Bradykinin 1-5 Inhibit Thrombin-Induced Platelet Aggregation in Humans. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
318: 1287-1292
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ozdemir, R., Sezgin, A. T., Barutcu, I., Topal, E., Gullu, H., Acikgoz, N.
(2006). Comparison of Direct Stenting Versus Conventional Stent Implantation on Blood Flow in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. ANGIOLOGY
57: 453-458
[Abstract]
Ali, A., Cox, D., Dib, N., Brodie, B., Berman, D., Gupta, N., Browne, K., Iwaoka, R., Azrin, M., Stapleton, D., Setum, C., Popma, J., for the AIMI Investigators,
(2006). Rheolytic Thrombectomy With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Infarct Size Reduction in Acute Myocardial Infarction: 30-Day Results From a Multicenter Randomized Study. J Am Coll Cardiol
48: 244-252
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pinto, D. S., Stone, G. W., Ellis, S. G., Cox, D. A., Hermiller, J., O'Shaughnessy, C., Mann, J. T., Mehran, R., Na, Y., Turco, M., Caputo, R., Popma, J. J., Cutlip, D. E., Russell, M. E., Cohen, D. J., for the TAXUS-IV Investigators,
(2006). Impact of Routine Angiographic Follow-Up on the Clinical Benefits of Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents: Results From the TAXUS-IV Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol
48: 32-36
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tung, R., Kaul, S., Diamond, G. A., Shah, P. K.
(2006). Narrative review: drug-eluting stents for the management of restenosis: a critical appraisal of the evidence.. ANN INTERN MED
144: 913-919
[Abstract][Full Text]
Limbruno, U., De Caterina, R.
(2006). EMERALD, AIMI, and PROMISE: is there still a potential for embolic protection in primary PCI?. Eur Heart J
27: 1139-1145
[Abstract][Full Text]
De Luca, G., Suryapranata, H., Timmer, J., Ottervanger, J. P., van't Hof, A. W.J., Hoorntje, J. C.A., Dambrink, J.-H., Gosselink, A.T. M., de Boer, M.-J.
(2006). Impact of Routine Stenting on Clinical Outcome in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Primary Angioplasty for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Diabetes Care
29: 920-923
[Full Text]
Gupta, R., Vora, N. A., Horowitz, M. B., Tayal, A. H., Hammer, M. D., Uchino, K., Levy, E. I., Wechsler, L. R., Jovin, T. G.
(2006). Multimodal Reperfusion Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Factors Predicting Vessel Recanalization. Stroke
37: 986-990
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kim, W., Jeong, M. H., Kim, K. H., Sohn, I. S., Hong, Y. J., Park, H. W., Kim, J. H., Ahn, Y. K., Cho, J. G., Park, J. C., Cho, D. L., Kang, J. C.
(2006). The Clinical Results of a Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Blocker (Abciximab: ReoPro)-Coated Stent in Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol
47: 933-938
[Abstract][Full Text]
Halkin, A., Stone, G. W., Grines, C. L., Cox, D. A., Rutherford, B. D., Esente, P., Meils, C. M., Albertsson, P., Farah, A., Tcheng, J. E., Lansky, A. J., Mehran, R.
(2006). Prognostic Implications of Creatine Kinase Elevation After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol
47: 951-961
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gupta, R., Jovin, T.G., Tayal, A., Horowitz, M.B.
(2006). Urgent Stenting of the M2 (Superior) Division of the Middle Cerebral Artery after Systemic Thrombolysis in Acute Stroke. Am. J. Neuroradiol.
27: 521-523
[Abstract][Full Text]
Serruys, P. W., Kutryk, M. J.B., Ong, A. T.L.
(2006). Coronary-Artery Stents. NEJM
354: 483-495
[Full Text]
Smith, S. C. Jr, Feldman, T. E., Hirshfeld, J. W. Jr, Jacobs, A. K., Kern, M. J., King, S. B. III, Morrison, D. A., O'Neill, W. W., Schaff, H. V., Whitlow, P. L., Williams, D. O., Antman, E. M., Smith, S. C. Jr, Adams, C. D., Anderson, J. L., Faxon, D. P., Fuster, V., Halperin, J. L., Hiratzka, L. F., Hunt, S. A., Jacobs, A. K., Nishimura, R., Ornato, J. P., Page, R. L., Riegel, B.
(2006). ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention--Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol
47: 216-235
[Full Text]
Smith, S. C. Jr, Feldman, T. E., Hirshfeld, J. W. Jr, Jacobs, A. K., Kern, M. J., King, S. B. III, Morrison, D. A., O'Neill, W. W., Schaff, H. V., Whitlow, P. L., Williams, D. O., Antman, E. M., Smith, S. C. Jr, Adams, C. D., Anderson, J. L., Faxon, D. P., Fuster, V., Halperin, J. L., Hiratzka, L. F., Hunt, S. A., Jacobs, A. K., Nishimura, R., Ornato, J. P., Page, R. L., Riegel, B.
(2006). ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention--Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). Circulation
113: 156-175
[Full Text]
Henriques, J P S, Zijlstra, F, van 't Hof, A W J, de Boer, M-J, Dambrink, J-H E, Gosselink, A T M, Hoorntje, J C A, Ottervanger, J P, Suryapranata, H
(2006). Primary percutaneous coronary intervention versus thrombolytic treatment: long term follow up according to infarct location. Heart
92: 75-79
[Abstract][Full Text]
The ADMIRAL Investigators,
(2005). Three-year duration of benefit from abciximab in patients receiving stents for acute myocardial infarction in the randomized double-blind ADMIRAL study. Eur Heart J
26: 2520-2523
[Abstract][Full Text]
= 0.05)26; otherwise, the two-way significance level was set at 0.01 to correct for multiple comparisons. The influence of base-line demographic and angiographic variables on the primary end point at six months was evaluated with use of logistic regression with Wald's chi-square test, and the results are expressed as odds ratios with 95 percent confidence intervals. All analyses were conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle unless otherwise stated, and all P values are two-sided. Statistical tests were performed with SAS for Windows, version 8.02 (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.). 
Previous
