The cause of ischemic stroke in younger adults is undefined in as many as 35 percent of patients. We studied the prevalence of patent foramen ovale as detected by contrast echocardiography in a population of 60 adults under 55 years old with ischemic stroke and a normal cardiac examination. We compared the results with those in a control group of 100 patients. The prevalence of patent foramen ovale was significantly higher in the patients with stroke (40 percent) than in the control group (10 percent, P less than 0.001). Among the patients with stroke, the prevalence of patent foramen ovale was 21 percent in 19 patients with an identifiable cause of their stroke, 40 percent in 15 patients with no identifiable cause but a risk factor for stroke, such as mitral valve prolapse, migraine, or use of contraceptive agents, and 54 percent in 26 patients with no identifiable cause (P less than 0.10). These results suggest that because of the high prevalence of clinically latent venous thrombosis, paradoxical embolism through a patent foramen ovale may be responsible for stroke more often than is usually suspected.
Source Information
Service de Cardiologie, Clinique des Maladies du Systeme Nerveux Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France.
This article has been cited by other articles:
Clergeau, M.-R., Hamon, M., Morello, R., Saloux, E., Viader, F., Hamon, M.
(2009). Silent Cerebral Infarcts in Patients With Pulmonary Embolism and a Patent Foramen Ovale: A Prospective Diffusion-Weighted MRI Study. Stroke
40: 3758-3762
[Abstract][Full Text]
Maffe, S., Dellavesa, P., Zenone, F., Paino, A. M., Paffoni, P., Perucca, A., Kozel, D., Signorotti, F., Bielli, M., Parravicini, U., Pardo, N. F., Cucchi, L., Aymele, A. G., Zanetta, M.
(2009). Transthoracic second harmonic two- and three-dimensional echocardiography for detection of patent foramen ovale. Eur J Echocardiogr
0: jep165v1-jep165
[Abstract][Full Text]
Meier, B.
(2009). Catheter-Based Closure of the Patent Foramen Ovale. Circulation
120: 1837-1841
[Full Text]
Opotowsky, A. R., Webb, G. D.
(2009). Percutaneous patent foramen ovale/atrial septal defect closure: just because we can?. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
88: 1386-1386
[Full Text]
Galiuto, L., Giubilato, S., De Caterina, A. R, Porfidia, A., Colizzi, C., Sestito, A., Porto, I., Trani, C., Rebuzzi, A. G, Crea, F.
(2009). Patent foramen ovale and hypercoagulable state in the pathogenesis of acute thrombotic myocardial infarction. BMJ Case Reports
2009: bcr1120081211-bcr1120081211
[Abstract][Full Text]
Krasuski, R. A., Hart, S. A., Allen, D., Qureshi, A., Pettersson, G., Houghtaling, P. L., Batizy, L. H., Blackstone, E.
(2009). Prevalence and Repair of Intraoperatively Diagnosed Patent Foramen Ovale and Association With Perioperative Outcomes and Long-term Survival. JAMA
302: 290-297
[Abstract][Full Text]
Almekhlafi, M. A., Wilton, S. B., Rabi, D. M., Ghali, W. A., Lorenzetti, D. L., Hill, M. D.
(2009). Recurrent cerebral ischemia in medically treated patent foramen ovale: A meta-analysis. Neurology
73: 89-97
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alsheikh-Ali, A. A., Thaler, D. E., Kent, D. M.
(2009). Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke: Incidental or Pathogenic?. Stroke
40: 2349-2355
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rajamani, K., Chaturvedi, S., Jin, Z., Homma, S., Brey, R. L., Tilley, B. C., Sacco, R. L., Thompson, J.L.P., Mohr, J.P., Levine, S. R., on Behalf of the PICSS-APASS Investigators,
(2009). Patent Foramen Ovale, Cardiac Valve Thickening, and Antiphospholipid Antibodies as Risk Factors for Subsequent Vascular Events: The PICSS-APASS Study. Stroke
40: 2337-2342
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ford, M. A., Reeder, G. S., Lennon, R. J., Brown, R. D., Petty, G. W., Cabalka, A. K., Cetta, F., Hagler, D. J.
(2009). Percutaneous Device Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients With Presumed Cryptogenic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: The Mayo Clinic Experience. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv
2: 404-411
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fathi, A.-R., Eshtehardi, P., Meier, B.
(2009). Patent foramen ovale and neurosurgery in sitting position: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth
102: 588-596
[Abstract][Full Text]
Meier, B.
(2009). Stroke and migraine: a cardiologist's headache. Heart
95: 595-602
[Full Text]
Wahl, A., Tai, T., Praz, F., Schwerzmann, M., Seiler, C., Nedeltchev, K., Windecker, S., Mattle, H. P., Meier, B.
(2009). Late Results After Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale for Secondary Prevention of Paradoxical Embolism Using the Amplatzer PFO Occluder Without Intraprocedural Echocardiography: Effect of Device Size. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv
2: 116-123
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wahl, A, Meier, B
(2009). Patent foramen ovale and ventricular septal defect closure. Heart
95: 70-82
[Abstract][Full Text]
Windecker, S., Meier, B.
(2008). Patent Foramen Ovale and Cryptogenic Stroke: To Close or Not to Close? Closure: What Else!. Circulation
118: 1989-1997
[Full Text]
Messe, S. R., Kasner, S. E.
(2008). Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke: Not to Close. Circulation
118: 1999-2004
[Full Text]
Saremi, F., Channual, S., Raney, A., Gurudevan, S. V., Narula, J., Fowler, S., Abolhoda, A., Milliken, J. C.
(2008). Imaging of Patent Foramen Ovale with 64-Section Multidetector CT. Radiology
249: 483-492
[Abstract][Full Text]
Revel, M.-P., Faivre, J.-B., Letourneau, T., Henon, H., Leys, D., Delannoy-Deken, V., Remy-Jardin, M., Remy, J.
(2008). Patent Foramen Ovale: Detection with Nongated Multidetector CT. Radiology
249: 338-345
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mazzucco, S., Anzola, G. P., Rizzuto, N.
(2008). Right-to-Left Shunt in CADASIL Patients: A Comorbidity Factor?. Stroke
39: e150-e150
[Full Text]
Salem, D. N., O'Gara, P. T., Madias, C., Pauker, S. G.
(2008). Valvular and Structural Heart Disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest
133: 593S-629S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Albers, G. W., Amarenco, P., Easton, J. D., Sacco, R. L., Teal, P.
(2008). Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy for Ischemic Stroke: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest
133: 630S-669S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Treadwell, S D, Thanvi, B, Robinson, T G
(2008). Stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium. Postgrad. Med. J.
84: 238-245
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lopez-Jimenez, F., Sert Kuniyoshi, F. H., Gami, A., Somers, V. K.
(2008). Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Implications for Cardiac and Vascular Disease. Chest
133: 793-804
[Full Text]
Sommer, R. J., Hijazi, Z. M., Rhodes, J. F. Jr
(2008). Pathophysiology of Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult: Part I: Shunt Lesions. Circulation
117: 1090-1099
[Full Text]
Mareedu, R. K., Shah, M. S., Mesa, J. E., McCauley, C. S.
(2007). Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale: A Case Series and Literature Review. Clin Med Res
5: 218-226
[Abstract][Full Text]
Handke, M., Harloff, A., Olschewski, M., Hetzel, A., Geibel, A.
(2007). Patent Foramen Ovale and Cryptogenic Stroke in Older Patients. NEJM
357: 2262-2268
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sievert, H., Fischer, E., Heinisch, C., Majunke, N., Roemer, A., Wunderlich, N.
(2007). Transcatheter Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale Without an Implant: Initial Clinical Experience. Circulation
116: 1701-1706
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sukernik, M. R., Bennett-Guerrero, E.
(2007). The Incidental Finding of a Patent Foramen Ovale During Cardiac Surgery: Should It Always Be Repaired? A Core Review. Anesth. Analg.
105: 602-610
[Abstract][Full Text]
MacClellan, L. R., Giles, W., Cole, J., Wozniak, M., Stern, B., Mitchell, B. D., Kittner, S. J.
(2007). Probable Migraine With Visual Aura and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: The Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study. Stroke
38: 2438-2445
[Abstract][Full Text]
Slottow, T. L. P., Steinberg, D. H., Waksman, R.
(2007). Overview of the 2007 Food and Drug Administration Circulatory System Devices Panel Meeting on Patent Foramen Ovale Closure Devices. Circulation
116: 677-682
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stickland, M. K., Lovering, A. T., Eldridge, M. W.
(2007). Exercise-induced Arteriovenous Intrapulmonary Shunting in Dogs. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
176: 300-305
[Abstract][Full Text]
Del Sette, M., Dinia, L., Rizzi, D., Sugo, A., Albano, B., Gandolfo, C.
(2007). Diagnosis of Right-to-Left Shunt With Transcranial Doppler and Vertebrobasilar Recording. Stroke
38: 2254-2256
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schwerzmann, M., Meier, B.
(2007). Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke Risk: The Devil Is in the Detail. J Am Coll Cardiol
50: 80-80
[Full Text]
Botto, N., Spadoni, I., Giusti, S., Ait-Ali, L., Sicari, R., Andreassi, M. G.
(2007). Prothrombotic Mutations as Risk Factors for Cryptogenic Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events in Young Subjects With Patent Foramen Ovale. Stroke
38: 2070-2073
[Abstract][Full Text]
Soliman, O. I.I., Geleijnse, M. L., Meijboom, F. J., Nemes, A., Kamp, O., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Masani, N., Feinstein, S. B., Ten Cate, F. J.
(2007). The use of contrast echocardiography for the detection of cardiac shunts. Eur J Echocardiogr
8: s2-s12
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lovering, A. T., Stickland, M. K., Kelso, A. J., Eldridge, M. W.
(2007). Direct demonstration of 25- and 50-{micro}m arteriovenous pathways in healthy human and baboon lungs. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
292: H1777-H1781
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ghosh, S., Ghosh, A. K., Ghosh, S. K.
(2007). Patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm in cryptogenic stroke. Postgrad. Med. J.
83: 173-177
[Abstract][Full Text]
Di Tullio, M. R., Sacco, R. L., Sciacca, R. R., Jin, Z., Homma, S.
(2007). Patent Foramen Ovale and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke in a Multiethnic Population. J Am Coll Cardiol
49: 797-802
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ueno, Y., Kimura, K., Iguchi, Y., Shibazaki, K., Inoue, T., Urabe, T.
(2007). Right-to-left shunt and lacunar stroke in patients without hypertension and diabetes. Neurology
68: 528-531
[Abstract][Full Text]
McCabe, D J H, Rakhit, R D
(2007). Antithrombotic and interventional treatment options in cardioembolic transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
78: 14-24
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mohamed, Q, Ormerod, O, Downes, S M
(2006). Retinal artery obstruction, migraine and patent foramen ovale.. Br J Ophthalmol
90: 1432-1432
[Full Text]
Goldstein, L. B., Adams, R., Alberts, M. J., Appel, L. J., Brass, L. M., Bushnell, C. D., Culebras, A., DeGraba, T. J., Gorelick, P. B., Guyton, J. R., Hart, R. G., Howard, G., Kelly-Hayes, M., Nixon, J.V., Sacco, R. L.
(2006). Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline.. Circulation
113: e873-e923
[Abstract][Full Text]
Goldstein, L. B., Adams, R., Alberts, M. J., Appel, L. J., Brass, L. M., Bushnell, C. D., Culebras, A., DeGraba, T. J., Gorelick, P. B., Guyton, J. R., Hart, R. G., Howard, G., Kelly-Hayes, M., Nixon, J.V., Sacco, R. L.
(2006). Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline.. Stroke
37: 1583-1633
[Abstract][Full Text]
Purandare, N., Burns, A., Daly, K. J, Hardicre, J., Morris, J., Macfarlane, G., McCollum, C.
(2006). Cerebral emboli as a potential cause of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: case-control study. BMJ
332: 1119-1124
[Abstract][Full Text]
Petty, G. W., Khandheria, B. K., Meissner, I., Whisnant, J. P., Rocca, W. A., Christianson, T. J. H., Sicks, J. D., O'Fallon, W. M., McClelland, R. L., Wiebers, D. O.
(2006). Population-Based Study of the Relationship Between Patent Foramen Ovale and Cerebrovascular Ischemic Events. Mayo Clin Proc.
81: 602-608
[Abstract][Full Text]
Souteyrand, G., Motreff, P., Lusson, J.-R., Rodriguez, R., Geoffroy, E., Dauphin, C., Boire, J.-Y., Lamaison, D., Cassagnes, J.
(2006). Comparison of transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging, transcranial Doppler and transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in stroke patients. Eur J Echocardiogr
7: 147-154
[Abstract][Full Text]
Thomson, J. D.R.
(2006). Percutaneous PFO closure, further data but many unanswered questions. Eur Heart J
27: 258-259
[Full Text]
Meier, B.
(2006). Patent Foramen Ovale, Guilty But Only as a Gang Member and for a Lesser Crime. J Am Coll Cardiol
47: 446-448
[Full Text]
Kizer, J. R., Devereux, R. B.
(2005). Clinical practice. Patent foramen ovale in young adults with unexplained stroke.. NEJM
353: 2361-2372
[Full Text]
Hegland, D. D., Kunz, G. A., Harrison, J. K., Wang, A.
(2005). Clinical problem-solving. A hole in the argument.. NEJM
353: 2385-2390
[Full Text]
Hara, H., Virmani, R., Ladich, E., Mackey-Bojack, S., Titus, J., Reisman, M., Gray, W., Nakamura, M., Mooney, M., Poulose, A., Schwartz, R. S.
(2005). Patent Foramen Ovale: Current Pathology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Status. J Am Coll Cardiol
46: 1768-1776
[Abstract][Full Text]
Homma, S., Sacco, R. L.
(2005). Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke. Circulation
112: 1063-1072
[Full Text]
Messe, S. R., Cucchiara, B., Luciano, J., Kasner, S. E.
(2005). PFO management: Neurologists vs cardiologists. Neurology
65: 172-173
[Full Text]
Pinto, F J
(2005). When and how to diagnose patent foramen ovale. Heart
91: 438-440
[Full Text]
Amarenco, P
(2005). Patent foramen ovale and the risk of stroke: smoking gun guilty by association?. Heart
91: 441-443
[Full Text]
Flachskampf, F A, Daniel, W G
(2005). Closure of patent foramen ovale: is the case really closed as well?. Heart
91: 449-450
[Full Text]
Yasaka, M., Ikeno, K., Otsubo, R., Oe, H., Nagano, K., Minematsu, K.
(2005). Right-to-Left Shunt Evaluated at the Aortic Arch by Contrast-Enhanced Transesophageal Echocardiography. J Ultrasound Med
24: 155-159
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lindeboom, J.E., van Deudekom, M.J., Visser, C.A.
(2005). Traditional contrast echocardiography may fail to demonstrate a patent foramen ovale: negative contrast in the right atrium may be a clue. Eur J Echocardiogr
6: 75-78
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kuhl, H.P., Hanrath, P.
(2004). The impact of transesophageal echocardiography on daily clinical practice. Eur J Echocardiogr
5: 455-468
[Abstract][Full Text]
Uzuner, N., Horner, S., Pichler, G., Svetina, D., Niederkorn, K.
(2004). Right-to-Left Shunt Assessed by Contrast Transcranial Doppler Sonography: New Insights. J Ultrasound Med
23: 1475-1482
[Abstract][Full Text]
Seiler, C
(2004). How should we assess patent foramen ovale?. Heart
90: 1245-1247
[Full Text]
Albers, G. W., Amarenco, P., Easton, J. D., Sacco, R. L., Teal, P.
(2004). Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy for Ischemic Stroke: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest
126: 483S-512S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Homma, S., DiTullio, M. R., Sacco, R. L., Sciacca, R. R., Mohr, J.P., for PICSS Investigators,
(2004). Age As a Determinant of Adverse Events in Medically Treated Cryptogenic Stroke Patients With Patent Foramen Ovale. Stroke
35: 2145-2149
[Abstract][Full Text]
Windecker, S., Wahl, A., Nedeltchev, K., Arnold, M., Schwerzmann, M., Seiler, C., Mattle, H. P., Meier, B.
(2004). Comparison of medical treatment with percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol
44: 750-758
[Abstract][Full Text]
Carano, N., Agnetti, A., Hagler, D. J., Tchana, B., Squarcia, U., Bernasconi, S.
(2004). Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Child: Possible Pathogenic Role of Patent Foramen Ovale Associated With Heritable Thrombophilia. Pediatrics
114: e255-e258
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lovell, A. T.
(2004). Anaesthetic implications of grown-up congenital heart disease. Br J Anaesth
93: 129-139
[Abstract][Full Text]
Farrugia, T., Libman, R. B.
(2004). Transient Ischemic Attack and Patent Foramen Ovale: Evidence of Paradoxical Embolism. Arch Neurol
61: 1133-1133
[Full Text]
Clarke, N.R.A, Timperley, J, Kelion, A.D, Banning, A.P
(2004). Transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging with Valsalva manoeuvre for the detection of right to left shunts. Eur J Echocardiogr
5: 176-181
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wu, L. A., Malouf, J. F., Dearani, J. A., Hagler, D. J., Reeder, G. S., Petty, G. W., Khandheria, B. K.
(2004). Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke: Current Understanding and Management Options. Arch Intern Med
164: 950-956
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schwerzmann, M., Wiher, S., Nedeltchev, K., Mattle, H. P., Wahl, A., Seiler, C., Meier, B., Windecker, S.
(2004). Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale reduces the frequency of migraine attacks. Neurology
62: 1399-1401
[Abstract][Full Text]
Messe, S. R., Silverman, I. E., Kizer, J. R., Homma, S., Zahn, C., Gronseth, G., Kasner, S. E.
(2004). Practice Parameter: Recurrent stroke with patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology
62: 1042-1050
[Abstract][Full Text]
Devuyst, G., Piechowski-Jozwiak, B., Karapanayiotides, T., Fitting, J.-W., Kemeny, V., Hirt, L., Urbano, L. A., Arnold, P., van Melle, G., Despland, P.-A., Bogousslavsky, J.
(2004). Controlled Contrast Transcranial Doppler and Arterial Blood Gas Analysis to Quantify Shunt Through Patent Foramen Ovale. Stroke
35: 859-863
[Abstract][Full Text]
Djaiani, G., Phillips-Bute, B., Podgoreanu, M., Messier, R. H., Mathew, J. P., Clements, F., Newman, M. F.
(2004). The Association of Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Fibrillation After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Anesth. Analg.
98: 585-589
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schwerzmann, M, Windecker, S, Wahl, A, Mehta, H, Nedeltchev, K, Mattle, H, Seiler, C, Meier, B
(2004). Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale: impact of device design on safety and efficacy. Heart
90: 186-190
[Abstract][Full Text]
Landzberg, M. J, Khairy, P.
(2004). Indications for the closure of patent foramen ovale. Heart
90: 219-224
[Full Text]
Adams, H. P. Jr
(2004). Patent Foramen Ovale: Paradoxical Embolism and Paradoxical Data. Mayo Clin Proc.
79: 15-20
Horton, S. C., Bunch, T. J.
(2004). Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke. Mayo Clin Proc.
79: 79-88
[Abstract]
Khairy, P., O'Donnell, C. P., Landzberg, M. J.
(2003). Transcatheter Closure versus Medical Therapy of Patent Foramen Ovale and Presumed Paradoxical Thromboemboli: A Systematic Review. ANN INTERN MED
139: 753-760
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mohr, J. P., Homma, S.
(2003). Patent Cardiac Foramen Ovale: Stroke Risk and Closure. ANN INTERN MED
139: 787-788
[Full Text]
Cheng, T. O., Meier, B., Lock, J. E.
(2003). Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale Is the Procedure of Choice for Paradoxical Embolism * Response. Circulation
108
: e126-e126
[Full Text]
Homma, S., Sacco, R. L., Di Tullio, M. R., Sciacca, R. R., Mohr, J. P., PICSS Investigators,
(2003). Atrial anatomy in non-cardioembolic stroke patients: Effect of medical therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol
42: 1066-1072
[Abstract][Full Text]
Castello, R., Brott, T. G.
(2003). Patent foramen ovale: friend or foe?. J Am Coll Cardiol
42: 1073-1075
[Full Text]
Stollberger, C., Finsterer, J., Pezzini, A., Del Zotto, E., Padovani, A.
(2003). Search for Coagulopathy Does Not Obviate Search for Venous Thrombosis in Suspected Paradoxical Embolism * Response. Stroke
34
: e146-e147
[Full Text]
Lapostolle, F., Borron, S. W., Surget, V., Sordelet, D., Lapandry, C., Adnet, F.
(2003). Stroke associated with pulmonary embolism after air travel. Neurology
60: 1983-1985
[Abstract][Full Text]
Draganov, J., Scheeren, T. W. L.
(2003). Incidental detection of paradoxical air embolism with a transoesophageal Doppler probe inserted for measuring descending aortic blood flow. Br J Anaesth
90: 520-522
[Abstract][Full Text]
Henk, C. B., Grampp, S., Linnau, K. F., Thurnher, M. M., Czerny, C., Herold, C. J., Mostbeck, G. H.
(2003). Suspected Pulmonary Embolism: Enhancement of Pulmonary Arteries at Deep-Inspiration CT Angiography—Influence of Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial-Septal Defect. Radiology
226: 749-755
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pezzini, A., Del Zotto, E., Magoni, M., Costa, A., Archetti, S., Grassi, M., Akkawi, N. M., Albertini, A., Assanelli, D., Vignolo, L. A., Padovani, A.
(2003). Inherited Thrombophilic Disorders in Young Adults With Ischemic Stroke and Patent Foramen Ovale. Stroke
34: 28-33
[Abstract][Full Text]
Blersch, W. K., Draganski, B. M., Holmer, S. R., Koch, H. J., Schlachetzki, F., Bogdahn, U., Holscher, T.
(2002). Transcranial Duplex Sonography in the Detection of Patent Foramen Ovale. Radiology
225: 693-699
[Abstract][Full Text]
Martin, F., Sanchez, P. L., Doherty, E., Colon-Hernandez, P. J., Delgado, G., Inglessis, I., Scott, N., Hung, J., King, M. E. E., Buonanno, F., Demirjian, Z., de Moor, M., Palacios, I. F.
(2002). Percutaneous Transcatheter Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients With Paradoxical Embolism. Circulation
106: 1121-1126
[Abstract][Full Text]
Braun, M. U., Fassbender, D., Schoen, S. P., Haass, M., Schraeder, R., Scholtz, W., Strasser, R. H.
(2002). Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cerebral ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol
39: 2019-2025
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bruch, L., Parsi, A., Grad, M. O., Rux, S., Burmeister, T., Krebs, H., Kleber, F. X.
(2002). Transcatheter Closure of Interatrial Communications for Secondary Prevention of Paradoxical Embolism: Single-Center Experience. Circulation
105: 2845-2848
[Abstract][Full Text]
Homma, S., Sacco, R. L., Di Tullio, M. R., Sciacca, R. R., Mohr, J.P., for the PFO in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) In,
(2002). Effect of Medical Treatment in Stroke Patients With Patent Foramen Ovale: Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study. Circulation
105: 2625-2631
[Abstract][Full Text]
Previous
