FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 319:1379-1384 November 24, 1988 Number 21 Next

	Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

Abstract

Limited data are available on the relation between physical fitness and mortality from cardiovascular disease. We examined this question in a study of 4276 men, 30 to 69 years of age, whom we followed for an average of 8.5 years. Examinations at base line included assessment of conventional coronary risk factors and treadmill exercise testing. The heart rate during submaximal exercise (stage 2 of the exercise test) and the duration of exercise were used as measures of physical fitness. Men with incomplete data (n = 308) or who were using cardiovascular drugs (n = 213) were excluded from the analysis. Men who had clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease at base line (n = 649) were analyzed separately. Forty-five deaths from cardiovascular causes occurred among the remaining 3106 men. A lower level of physical fitness was associated with a higher risk of death from cardiovascular and coronary heart disease, after adjustment for age and cardiovascular risk factors. The relative risk of death from cardiovascular causes was 2.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 5.1; P = 0.003) for healthy men with an increment of 35 beats per minute in the heart rate during stage 2, and 3.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 5.5; P = 0.0004) for those with a decrement of 4.4 minutes in the exercise time spent on the treadmill. The corresponding values for death from coronary heart disease were 3.2 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 6.7; P = 0.003) and 2.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 6.1; P = 0.007), respectively. We conclude that a lower level of physical fitness is associated with a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease in clinically healthy men, independent of conventional coronary risk factors.

Source Information

Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Billman, G. E. (2009). Cardiac autonomic neural remodeling and susceptibility to sudden cardiac death: effect of endurance exercise training. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 297: H1171-H1193 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Freeman, J, Froelicher, V, Ashley, E (2009). The ageing athlete: screening prior to vigorous exertion in asymptomatic adults without known cardiovascular disease. Br. J. Sports. Med. 43: 696-701 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Carnethon, M. R. (2009). Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease: How Much Is Enough?. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 3: 44S-49S [Abstract]  
• Hamer, M., Steptoe, A. (2009). Prospective study of physical fitness, adiposity, and inflammatory markers in healthy middle-aged men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89: 85-89 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tanaka, A., Imanishi, T., Kitabata, H., Kubo, T., Takarada, S., Tanimoto, T., Kuroi, A., Tsujioka, H., Ikejima, H., Ueno, S., Kataiwa, H., Okouchi, K., Kashiwaghi, M., Matsumoto, H., Takemoto, K., Nakamura, N., Hirata, K., Mizukoshi, M., Akasaka, T. (2008). Morphology of Exertion-Triggered Plaque Rupture in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study. Circulation 118: 2368-2373 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hooker, S. P., Sui, X., Colabianchi, N., Vena, J., Laditka, J., LaMonte, M. J., Blair, S. N. (2008). Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Predictor of Fatal and Nonfatal Stroke in Asymptomatic Women and Men. Stroke 39: 2950-2957 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ruiz, J. R, Sui, X., Lobelo, F., Morrow, J. R Jr, Jackson, A. W, Sjostrom, M., Blair, S. N (2008). Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ 337: a439-a439 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• LAUER, M. S., MILLER, T. D. (2008). The exercise treadmill test: Estimating cardiovascular prognosis. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 75: 424-430 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boarnet, M. G., Greenwald, M., McMillan, T. E. (2008). Walking, Urban Design, and Health: Toward a Cost-Benefit Analysis Framework. Journal of Planning Education and Research 27: 341-358 [Abstract]  
• Kokkinos, P., Myers, J., Kokkinos, J. P., Pittaras, A., Narayan, P., Manolis, A., Karasik, P., Greenberg, M., Papademetriou, V., Singh, S. (2008). Exercise Capacity and Mortality in Black and White Men. Circulation 117: 614-622 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Peterson, P. N., Magid, D. J., Ross, C., Ho, P. M., Rumsfeld, J. S., Lauer, M. S., Lyons, E. E., Smith, S. S., Masoudi, F. A. (2008). Association of Exercise Capacity on Treadmill With Future Cardiac Events in Patients Referred for Exercise Testing. Arch Intern Med 168: 174-179 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Koch, L. G., Britton, S. L. (2008). Aerobic metabolism underlies complexity and capacity. J. Physiol. 586: 83-95 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, E. S.H., Ishwaran, H., Blackstone, E., Lauer, M. S. (2007). External Prognostic Validations and Comparisons of Age- and Gender-Adjusted Exercise Capacity Predictions. J Am Coll Cardiol 50: 1867-1875 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Takata, Y., Ansai, T., Akifusa, S., Soh, I., Yoshitake, Y., Kimura, Y., Sonoki, K., Fujisawa, K., Awano, S., Kagiyama, S., Hamasaki, T., Nakamichi, I., Yoshida, A., Takehara, T. (2007). Physical Fitness and 4-Year Mortality in an 80-Year-Old Population. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 62: 851-858 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Slentz, C. A., Houmard, J. A., Johnson, J. L., Bateman, L. A., Tanner, C. J., McCartney, J. S., Duscha, B. D., Kraus, W. E. (2007). Inactivity, exercise training and detraining, and plasma lipoproteins. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. J. Appl. Physiol. 103: 432-442 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arena, R., Myers, J., Williams, M. A., Gulati, M., Kligfield, P., Balady, G. J., Collins, E., Fletcher, G. (2007). Assessment of Functional Capacity in Clinical and Research Settings: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention of the Council on Clinical Cardiology and the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation 116: 329-343 [Full Text]  
• Sui, X., LaMonte, M. J., Blair, S. N. (2007). Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Predictor of Nonfatal Cardiovascular Events in Asymptomatic Women and Men. Am J Epidemiol 165: 1413-1423 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kullo, I. J., Khaleghi, M., Hensrud, D. D. (2007). Markers of inflammation are inversely associated with VO2 max in asymptomatic men. J. Appl. Physiol. 102: 1374-1379 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pilote, L., Dasgupta, K., Guru, V., Humphries, K. H., McGrath, J., Norris, C., Rabi, D., Tremblay, J., Alamian, A., Barnett, T., Cox, J., Ghali, W. A., Grace, S., Hamet, P., Ho, T., Kirkland, S., Lambert, M., Libersan, D., O'Loughlin, J., Paradis, G., Petrovich, M., Tagalakis, V. (2007). A comprehensive view of sex-specific issues related to cardiovascular disease. CMAJ 176: S1-S44 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lujan, H. L., Britton, S. L., Koch, L. G., DiCarlo, S. E. (2006). Reduced susceptibility to ventricular tachyarrhythmias in rats selectively bred for high aerobic capacity. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291: H2933-H2941 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kligfield, P., Lauer, M. S. (2006). Exercise Electrocardiogram Testing: Beyond the ST Segment. Circulation 114: 2070-2082 [Full Text]  
• McCullough, P. A., Gallagher, M. J., deJong, A. T., Sandberg, K. R., Trivax, J. E., Alexander, D., Kasturi, G., Jafri, S. M. A., Krause, K. R., Chengelis, D. L., Moy, J., Franklin, B. A. (2006). Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Short-term Complications After Bariatric Surgery.. Chest 130: 517-525 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L. (2006). Objectively measured physical activity and mortality in older adults.. JAMA 296: 216-218 [Full Text]  
• Gondoni, L A, Liuzzi, A, Titon, A M, Taronna, O, Nibbio, F, Ferrari, P, Leonetti, G (2006). A simple tool to predict exercise capacity of obese patients with ischaemic heart disease. Heart 92: 899-904 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Marks, B L, Parsonage, S R (2006). Health benefits for veteran (senior) tennis players * Commentary.. Br. J. Sports. Med. 40: 469-476 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shishehbor, M. H., Litaker, D., Pothier, C. E., Lauer, M. S. (2006). Association of Socioeconomic Status With Functional Capacity, Heart Rate Recovery, and All-Cause Mortality. JAMA 295: 784-792 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Carnethon, M. R., Gulati, M., Greenland, P. (2005). Prevalence and Cardiovascular Disease Correlates of Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents and Adults. JAMA 294: 2981-2988 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mora, S., Redberg, R. F., Sharrett, A. R., Blumenthal, R. S. (2005). Enhanced Risk Assessment in Asymptomatic Individuals With Exercise Testing and Framingham Risk Scores. Circulation 112: 1566-1572 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gulati, M., Black, H. R., Shaw, L. J., Arnsdorf, M. F., Merz, C. N. B., Lauer, M. S., Marwick, T. H., Pandey, D. K., Wicklund, R. H., Thisted, R. A. (2005). The Prognostic Value of a Nomogram for Exercise Capacity in Women. NEJM 353: 468-475 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lauer, M., Froelicher, E. S., Williams, M., Kligfield, P. (2005). Exercise Testing in Asymptomatic Adults: A Statement for Professionals From the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Circulation 112: 771-776 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gallagher, M. J., Franklin, B. A., Ehrman, J. K., Keteyian, S. J., Brawner, C. A., deJong, A. T., McCullough, P. A. (2005). Comparative Impact of Morbid Obesity vs Heart Failure on Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Chest 127: 2197-2203 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Azizi, F, Ataie, L, Hedayati, M, Mehrabi, Y, Sheikholeslami, F (2005). Effect of long-term continuous methimazole treatment of hyperthyroidism: comparison with radioiodine. Eur J Endocrinol 152: 695-701 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McMillan, T. E. (2005). Urban Form and a Child's Trip to School: The Current Literature and a Framework for Future Research. Journal of Planning Literature 19: 440-456 [Abstract]  
• Timmons, J. A., Larsson, O., Jansson, E., Fischer, H., Gustafsson, T., Greenhaff, P. L., Ridden, J., Rachman, J., Peyrard-Janvid, M., Wahlestedt, C., Sundberg, C. J. (2005). Human muscle gene expression responses to endurance training provide a novel perspective on Duchenne muscular dystrophy. FASEB J. 19: 750-760 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Coller, B. S. (2005). Leukocytosis and Ischemic Vascular Disease Morbidity and Mortality: Is It Time to Intervene?. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 25: 658-670 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kurl, S., Laukkanen, J.A., Niskanen, L., Rauramaa, R., Tuomainen, T.P., Sivenius, J., Salonen, J.T. (2005). Cardiac Power During Exercise and the Risk of Stroke in Men. Stroke 36: 820-824 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Collins, H. L., Loka, A. M., DiCarlo, S. E. (2005). Daily exercise-induced cardioprotection is associated with changes in calcium regulatory proteins in hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 288: H532-H540 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Roberts, C. K., Barnard, R. J. (2005). Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease. J. Appl. Physiol. 98: 3-30 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lavie, C. J., Kuruvanka, T., Milani, R. V., Prasad, A., Ventura, H. O. (2004). Exercise Capacity in Adult African-Americans Referred for Exercise Stress Testing: Is Fitness Affected by Race?. Chest 126: 1962-1968 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Landi, F., Cesari, M., Onder, G., Lattanzio, F., Gravina, E. M., Bernabei, R., on Behalf of the SilverNet-HC Study Group, (2004). Physical Activity and Mortality in Frail, Community-Living Elderly Patients. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59: M833-M837 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rauramaa, R., Halonen, P., Vaisanen, S. B., Lakka, T. A., Schmidt-Trucksass, A., Berg, A., Penttila, I. M., Rankinen, T., Bouchard, C. (2004). Effects of Aerobic Physical Exercise on Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Men: The DNASCO Study: A Six-Year Randomized, Controlled Trial. ANN INTERN MED 140: 1007-1014 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McCully, R. B., Roger, V. L., Ommen, S. R., Mahoney, D. W., Burger, K. N., Freeman, W. K., Pellikka, P. A. (2004). Outcomes of Patients With Reduced Exercise Capacity at Time of Exercise Echocardiography. Mayo Clin Proc. 79: 750-757 [Abstract]  
• Blair, S. N, LaMonte, M. J, Nichaman, M. Z (2004). The evolution of physical activity recommendations: how much is enough?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79: 913S-920S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fowler-Brown, A., Pignone, M., Pletcher, M., Tice, J. A., Sutton, S. F., Lohr, K. N. (2004). Exercise Tolerance Testing To Screen for Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review for the Technical Support for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. ANN INTERN MED 140: W-9-W-24 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stone, W. J. (2004). Physical Activity and Health: Becoming Mainstream. Complementary Health Practice Review 9: 118-128 [Abstract]  
• Shishehbor, M. H., Hoogwerf, B. J., Lauer, M. S. (2004). Association of Triglyceride-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio With Heart Rate Recovery. Diabetes Care 27: 936-941 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Carnethon, M. R., Gidding, S. S., Nehgme, R., Sidney, S., Jacobs, D. R. Jr, Liu, K. (2003). Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young Adulthood and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. JAMA 290: 3092-3100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Carnethon, M. R., Jacobs, D. R. Jr., Sidney, S., Liu, K. (2003). Influence of Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction on the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: The CARDIA study. Diabetes Care 26: 3035-3041 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mark, D. B., Lauer, M. S. (2003). Exercise Capacity: The Prognostic Variable That Doesn't Get Enough Respect. Circulation 108: 1534-1536 [Full Text]  
• Gulati, M., Pandey, D. K., Arnsdorf, M. F., Lauderdale, D. S., Thisted, R. A., Wicklund, R. H., Al-Hani, A. J., Black, H. R. (2003). Exercise Capacity and the Risk of Death in Women: The St James Women Take Heart Project. Circulation 108: 1554-1559 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mora, S., Redberg, R. F., Cui, Y., Whiteman, M. K., Flaws, J. A., Sharrett, A. R., Blumenthal, R. S. (2003). Ability of Exercise Testing to Predict Cardiovascular and All-Cause Death in Asymptomatic Women: A 20-Year Follow-up of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study. JAMA 290: 1600-1607 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kurl, S., Laukkanen, J. A., Rauramaa, R., Lakka, T. A., Sivenius, J., Salonen, J. T. (2003). Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Risk for Stroke in Men. Arch Intern Med 163: 1682-1688 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Firoozi, S, Sharma, S, McKenna, W J (2003). Risk of competitive sport in young athletes with heart disease. Heart 89: 710-714 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2002). References. Circulation 106: 3373-3421 [Full Text]  
• Stevens, J., Cai, J., Evenson, K. R., Thomas, R. (2002). Fitness and Fatness as Predictors of Mortality from All Causes and from Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women in the Lipid Research Clinics Study. Am J Epidemiol 156: 832-841 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Manson, J. E., Greenland, P., LaCroix, A. Z., Stefanick, M. L., Mouton, C. P., Oberman, A., Perri, M. G., Sheps, D. S., Pettinger, M. B., Siscovick, D. S. (2002). Walking Compared with Vigorous Exercise for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Women. NEJM 347: 716-725 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Feitosa, M. F., Gaskill, S. E., Rice, T., Rankinen, T., Bouchard, C., Rao, D. C., Wilmore, J. H., Skinner, J. S., Leon, A. S. (2002). Major gene effects on exercise ventilatory threshold: the HERITAGE Family Study. J. Appl. Physiol. 93: 1000-1006 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tomas, M., Elosua, R., Senti, M., Molina, L., Vila, J., Anglada, R., Fito, M., Covas, M. I., Marrugat, J. (2002). Paraoxonase1-192 polymorphism modulates the effects of regular and acute exercise on paraoxonase1 activity. J. Lipid Res. 43: 713-720 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schnohr, P., Jensen, J.S., Scharling, H., Nordestgaard, B.G. (2002). Coronary heart disease risk factors ranked by importance for the individual and community. A 21 year follow-up of 12000 men and women from The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Heart J 23: 620-626 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Myers, J., Prakash, M., Froelicher, V., Do, D., Partington, S., Atwood, J. E. (2002). Exercise Capacity and Mortality among Men Referred for Exercise Testing. NEJM 346: 793-801 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Panzer, C., Lauer, M. S., Brieke, A., Blackstone, E., Hoogwerf, B. (2002). Association of Fasting Plasma Glucose With Heart Rate Recovery in Healthy Adults: A Population-Based Study. Diabetes 51: 803-807 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Billman, G. E. (2002). Aerobic exercise conditioning: a nonpharmacological antiarrhythmic intervention. J. Appl. Physiol. 92: 446-454 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• DiPietro, L. (2001). Physical Activity in Aging: Changes in Patterns and Their Relationship to Health and Function. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 56: 13-22 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• The Writing Group for the Activity Counseling Tria, (2001). Effects of Physical Activity Counseling in Primary Care: The Activity Counseling Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 286: 677-687 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cooke, J. P., Tsao, P. S. (2001). Go With the Flow. Circulation 103: 2773-2775 [Full Text]  
• Martinson, B. C., O'Connor, P. J., Pronk, N. P. (2001). Physical Inactivity and Short-term All-Cause Mortality in Adults With Chronic Disease. Arch Intern Med 161: 1173-1180 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Laukkanen, J. A., Lakka, T. A., Rauramaa, R., Kuhanen, R., Venalainen, J. M., Salonen, R., Salonen, J. T. (2001). Cardiovascular Fitness as a Predictor of Mortality in Men. Arch Intern Med 161: 825-831 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lakka, T. A., Laukkanen, J. A., Rauramaa, R., Salonen, R., Lakka, H.-M., Kaplan, G. A., Salonen, J. T. (2001). Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Middle-Aged Men. ANN INTERN MED 134: 12-20 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fleg, J. L., Pina, I. L., Balady, G. J., Chaitman, B. R., Fletcher, B., Lavie, C., Limacher, M. C., Stein, R. A., Williams, M., Bazzarre, T. (2000). Assessment of Functional Capacity in Clinical and Research Applications : An Advisory From the Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 102: 1591-1597 [Full Text]  
• Cole, C. R., Foody, J. M., Blackstone, E. H., Lauer, M. S. (2000). Heart Rate Recovery after Submaximal Exercise Testing as a Predictor of Mortality in a Cardiovascularly Healthy Cohort. ANN INTERN MED 132: 552-555 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dvorak, R. V., Tchernof, A., Starling, R. D., Ades, P. A., DiPietro, L., Poehlman, E. T. (2000). Respiratory Fitness, Free Living Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Older Individuals: A Doubly Labeled Water Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 957-963 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jones, A. W., Rubin, L. J., Magliola, L. (1999). Endothelin-1 sensitivity of porcine coronary arteries is reduced by exercise training and is gender dependent. J. Appl. Physiol. 87: 1172-1177 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Valk, B., Marx, J. J. M. (1999). Iron, Atherosclerosis, and Ischemic Heart Disease. Arch Intern Med 159: 1542-1548 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Burke, A. P., Farb, A., Malcom, G. T., Liang, Y.-h., Smialek, J. E., Virmani, R. (1999). Plaque Rupture and Sudden Death Related to Exertion in Men With Coronary Artery Disease. JAMA 281: 921-926 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Parkai[T, T., Deeg, D. J. H., Bosscher, R. J., Launer, L. L. J. (1998). Physical Activity and Self-Rated Health among 55- to 89-Year-Old Dutch People. J Aging Health 10: 311-326 [Abstract]  
• Kujala, U. M., Kaprio, J., Sarna, S., Koskenvuo, M. (1998). Relationship of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Mortality: The Finnish Twin Cohort. JAMA 279: 440-444 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Williams, P. T. (1997). Dose of Exercise and Health Benefit. Arch Intern Med 157: 1774-1776 [Abstract]  
• Kushi, L. H., Fee, R. M., Folsom, A. R., Mink, P. J., Anderson, K. E., Sellers, T. A. (1997). Physical Activity and Mortality in Postmenopausal Women. JAMA 277: 1287-1292 [Abstract]  
• Jungersten, L., Ambring, A., Wall, B., Wennmalm, A. (1997). Both physical fitness and acute exercise regulate nitric oxide formation in healthy humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 82: 760-764 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Williams, P. T. (1997). Relationship of Distance Run per Week to Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in 8283 Male Runners: The National Runners' Health Study. Arch Intern Med 157: 191-198 [Abstract]  
• Koenig, W., Sund, M., Doring, A., Ernst, E. (1997). Leisure-Time Physical Activity but Not Work-Related Physical Activity Is Associated With Decreased Plasma Viscosity: Results From a Large Population Sample. Circulation 95: 335-341 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sandvik, L., Erikssen, G., Thaulow, E. (1995). Long term effects of smoking on physical fitness and lung function: a longitudinal study of 1393 middle aged Norwegian men for seven years. BMJ 311: 715-718 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lee, I-M., Hsieh, C.-c., Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr (1995). Exercise Intensity and Longevity in Men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. JAMA 273: 1179-1184 [Abstract]  
• Blair, S. N., Kohl, H. W. III, Barlow, C. E., Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr, Gibbons, L. W., Macera, C. A. (1995). Changes in Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Study of Healthy and Unhealthy Men. JAMA 273: 1093-1098 [Abstract]  
• Pate, R. R., Pratt, M., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L., Macera, C. A., Bouchard, C., Buchner, D., Ettinger, W., Heath, G. W., King, A. C., Kriska, A., Leon, A. S., Marcus, B. H., Morris, J., Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr, Patrick, K., Pollock, M. L., Rippe, J. M., Sallis, J., Wilmore, J. H. (1995). Physical Activity and Public Health: A Recommendation From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 273: 402-407 [Abstract]  
• Pahor, M., Guralnik, J. M., Salive, M. E., Chrischilles, E. A., Brown, S. L., Wallace, R. B. (1994). Physical Activity and Risk of Severe Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Older Persons. JAMA 272: 595-599 [Abstract]  
• Lakka, T. A., Venalainen, J. M., Rauramaa, R., Salonen, R., Tuomilehto, J., Salonen, J. T. (1994). Relation of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness to the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Men. NEJM 330: 1549-1554 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wimbush, E. (1994). A moderate approach to promoting physical activity: the evidence and implications. Health Education Journal 53: 322-336  
• Mittleman, M. A., Maclure, M., Tofler, G. H., Sherwood, J. B., Goldberg, R. J., Muller, J. E., The Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset St, (1993). Triggering of Acute Myocardial Infarction by Heavy Physical Exertion -- Protection against Triggering by Regular Exertion. NEJM 329: 1677-1683 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sandvik, L., Erikssen, J., Thaulow, E., Erikssen, G., Mundal, R., Rodahl, K. (1993). Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Mortality among Healthy, Middle-Aged Norwegian Men. NEJM 328: 533-537 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cooper, G. R., Myers, G. L., Smith, S. J., Schlant, R. C. (1992). Blood Lipid Measurements: Variations and Practical Utility. JAMA 267: 1652-1660 [Abstract]  
• King, A. C., Haskell, W. L., Taylor, C. B., Kraemer, H. C., DeBusk, R. F. (1991). Group- vs Home-Based Exercise Training in Healthy Older Men and Women: A Community-Based Clinical Trial. JAMA 266: 1535-1542 [Abstract]  
• Blair, S. N., Kohl, H. W. III, Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr, Clark, D. G., Cooper, K. H., Gibbons, L. W. (1989). Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Study of Healthy Men and Women. JAMA 262: 2395-2401 [Abstract]  
• (1988). MORE EVIDENCE THAT PHYSICAL FITNESS PROTECTS THE HEART. JWatch General 1988: 2-2 [Full Text]  
• Fowler-Brown, A., Pignone, M., Pletcher, M., Tice, J. A., Sutton, S. F., Lohr, K. N. (2004). Exercise Tolerance Testing To Screen for Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review for the Technical Support for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. ANN INTERN MED 140: W-9-W-24 [Abstract] [Full Text]