Background Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are featuresof obesity, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and otherdisorders. Skeletal muscle is a major site of insulin action,and insulin sensitivity may be related to the fatty-acid compositionof the phospholipids within the muscle membranes involved inthe action of insulin.
Methods We determined the relation between the fatty-acid compositionof skeletal-muscle phospholipids and insulin sensitivity intwo groups of subjects. In one study, we obtained samples ofthe rectus abdominis muscle from 27 patients undergoing coronaryartery surgery; fasting serum insulin levels provided an indexof insulin sensitivity. In the second study, a biopsy of thevastus lateralis muscle was performed in 13 normal men, andinsulin sensitivity was assessed by euglycemic-clamp studies.
Results In the patients undergoing surgery, the fasting seruminsulin concentration (a measure of insulin resistance) wasnegatively correlated with the percentage of individual long-chainpolyunsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid fraction ofmuscle, particularly arachidonic acid (r = -0.63, P<0.001);the total percentage of C20-22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (r= -0.68, P<0.001); the average degree of fatty-acid unsaturation(r = -0.61, P<0.001); and the ratio of the percentage ofC20:4 n-6 fatty acids to the percentage of C20:3 n-6 fatty acids(r = -0.55, P<0.01), an index of fatty-acid desaturase activity.In the normal men, insulin sensitivity was positively correlatedwith the percentage of arachidonic acid in muscle (r = 0.76,P<0.01), the total percentage of C20-22 polyunsaturated fattyacids (r = 0.76, P<0.01), the average degree of fatty-acidunsaturation (r = 0.62, P<0.05), and the ratio of C20:4 n-6to C20:3 n-6 (rho = 0.78, P = 0.007).
Conclusions Decreased insulin sensitivity is associated withdecreased concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids in skeletal-musclephospholipids, raising the possibility that changes in the fatty-acidcomposition of muscles modulate the action of insulin.
Source Information
From the Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Storlien at the Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
Woods, M. N, Wanke, C. A, Ling, P.-R., Hendricks, K. M, Tang, A. M, Knox, T. A, Andersson, C. E, Dong, K. R, Skinner, S. C, Bistrian, B. R
(2009). Effect of a dietary intervention and n-3 fatty acid supplementation on measures of serum lipid and insulin sensitivity in persons with HIV. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
90: 1566-1578
[Abstract][Full Text]
Thrush, A. B., Brindley, D. N., Chabowski, A., Heigenhauser, G. J., Dyck, D. J.
(2009). Skeletal Muscle Lipogenic Protein Expression Is Not Different between Lean and Obese Individuals: A Potential Factor in Ceramide Accumulation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
94: 5053-5061
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Woudenbergh, G. J., van Ballegooijen, A. J., Kuijsten, A., Sijbrands, E. J.G., van Rooij, F. J.A., Geleijnse, J. M., Hofman, A., Witteman, J. C.M., Feskens, E. J.M.
(2009). Eating Fish and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A population-based, prospective follow-up study. Diabetes Care
32: 2021-2026
[Abstract][Full Text]
Price, E. R., Guglielmo, C. G.
(2009). The effect of muscle phospholipid fatty acid composition on exercise performance: a direct test in the migratory white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.
297: R775-R782
[Abstract][Full Text]
Palmquist, D. L.
(2009). Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Metabolism, Health, and Nutrition and for Modified Animal Product Foods. Professional Animal Scientist
25: 207-249
[Abstract]
Robbez Masson, V., Lucas, A., Gueugneau, A.-M., Macaire, J.-P., Paul, J.-L., Grynberg, A., Rousseau, D.
(2008). Long-Chain (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Metabolic and Vascular Disorders in Fructose-Fed Rats. J. Nutr.
138: 1915-1922
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tardy, A.-L., Giraudet, C., Rousset, P., Rigaudiere, J.-P., Laillet, B., Chalancon, S., Salles, J., Loreau, O., Chardigny, J.-M., Morio, B.
(2008). Effects of trans MUFA from dairy and industrial sources on muscle mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity. J. Lipid Res.
49: 1445-1455
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Wilde, J., Mohren, R., van den Berg, S., Boekschoten, M., Dijk, K. W.-V., de Groot, P., Muller, M., Mariman, E., Smit, E.
(2008). Short-term high fat-feeding results in morphological and metabolic adaptations in the skeletal muscle of C57BL/6J mice. Physiol. Genomics
32: 360-369
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bergeron, K., Julien, P., Davis, T. A., Myre, A., Thivierge, M. C.
(2007). Long-chain n-3 fatty acids enhance neonatal insulin-regulated protein metabolism in piglets by differentially altering muscle lipid composition. J. Lipid Res.
48: 2396-2410
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schirmer, M. A., Phinney, S. D.
(2007). {gamma}-Linolenate Reduces Weight Regain in Formerly Obese Humans. J. Nutr.
137: 1430-1435
[Abstract][Full Text]
Corcoran, M. P, Lamon-Fava, S., Fielding, R. A
(2007). Skeletal muscle lipid deposition and insulin resistance: effect of dietary fatty acids and exercise. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
85: 662-677
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gingras, A.-A., White, P. J., Chouinard, P. Y., Julien, P., Davis, T. A., Dombrowski, L., Couture, Y., Dubreuil, P., Myre, A., Bergeron, K., Marette, A., Thivierge, M. C.
(2007). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids regulate bovine whole-body protein metabolism by promoting muscle insulin signalling to the Akt-mTOR-S6K1 pathway and insulin sensitivity. J. Physiol.
579: 269-284
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lindgarde, F., Vessby, B., Ahren, B.
(2006). Serum cholesteryl fatty acid composition and plasma glucose concentrations in Amerindian women.. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
84: 1009-1013
[Abstract][Full Text]
Warensjo, E., Sundstrom, J., Lind, L., Vessby, B.
(2006). Factor analysis of fatty acids in serum lipids as a measure of dietary fat quality in relation to the metabolic syndrome in men.. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
84: 442-448
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mainieri, D., Summermatter, S., Seydoux, J., Montani, J.-P., Rusconi, S., Russell, A. P., Boss, O., Buchala, A. J., Dulloo, A. G.
(2006). A role for skeletal muscle stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 in control of thermogenesis. FASEB J.
20: 1751-1753
[Abstract][Full Text]
Aas, V., Rokling-Andersen, M. H., Kase, E. T., Thoresen, G. H., Rustan, A. C.
(2006). Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) increases fatty acid and glucose uptake in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. J. Lipid Res.
47: 366-374
[Abstract][Full Text]
Phinney, S. D
(2005). Fatty acids, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
82: 1151-1152
[Full Text]
Min, Y., Lowy, C., Ghebremeskel, K., Thomas, B., Offley-Shore, B., Crawford, M.
(2005). Unfavorable effect of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on maternal and fetal essential fatty acid status: a potential marker of fetal insulin resistance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
82: 1162-1168
[Abstract][Full Text]
Okada, T., Furuhashi, N., Kuromori, Y., Miyashita, M., Iwata, F., Harada, K.
(2005). Plasma palmitoleic acid content and obesity in children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
82: 747-750
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hjelte, L. E., Nilsson, A.
(2005). Arachidonic Acid and Ischemic Heart Disease. J. Nutr.
135: 2271-2273
[Full Text]
Riserus, U., Tan, G. D., Fielding, B. A., Neville, M. J., Currie, J., Savage, D. B., Chatterjee, V. K., Frayn, K. N., O'Rahilly, S., Karpe, F.
(2005). Rosiglitazone Increases Indexes of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Activity in Humans: Link to Insulin Sensitization and the Role of Dominant-Negative Mutation in Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma}. Diabetes
54: 1379-1384
[Abstract][Full Text]
Faerch, K., Lau, C., Tetens, I., Pedersen, O. B., Jorgensen, T., Borch-Johnsen, K., Glumer, C.
(2005). A Statistical Approach Based on Substitution of Macronutrients Provides Additional Information to Models Analyzing Single Dietary Factors in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes in Danish Adults: the Inter99 Study. J. Nutr.
135: 1177-1182
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mitchell, T. W., Turner, N., Hulbert, A. J., Else, P. L., Hawley, J. A., Lee, J. S., Bruce, C. R., Blanksby, S. J.
(2004). Exercise alters the profile of phospholipid molecular species in rat skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol.
97: 1823-1829
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baylin, A., Campos, H.
(2004). Arachidonic Acid in Adipose Tissue Is Associated with Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. J. Nutr.
134: 3095-3099
[Abstract][Full Text]
O'Connor, C. I., Lawrence, L. M., St. Lawrence, A. C., Janicki, K. M., Warren, L. K., Hayes, S.
(2004). The effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on exercising horses. J ANIM SCI
82: 2978-2984
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lara-Castro, C., Garvey, W. T.
(2004). Diet, Insulin Resistance, and Obesity: Zoning in on Data for Atkins Dieters Living in South Beach. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
89: 4197-4205
[Abstract][Full Text]
Benatti, P., Peluso, G., Nicolai, R., Calvani, M.
(2004). Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Biochemical, Nutritional and Epigenetic Properties. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
23: 281-302
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clore, J. N., Stillman, J. S., Li, J., O'Keefe, S. J. D., Levy, J. R.
(2004). Differential effect of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on hepatic glucose metabolism in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
287: E358-E365
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fukuchi, S., Hamaguchi, K., Seike, M., Himeno, K., Sakata, T., Yoshimatsu, H.
(2004). Role of Fatty Acid Composition in the Development of Metabolic Disorders in Sucrose-Induced Obese Rats. Exp. Biol. Med.
229: 486-493
[Abstract][Full Text]
Straczkowski, M., Kowalska, I., Nikolajuk, A., Dzienis-Straczkowska, S., Kinalska, I., Baranowski, M., Zendzian-Piotrowska, M., Brzezinska, Z., Gorski, J.
(2004). Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Sphingomyelin Signaling Pathway in Human Skeletal Muscle. Diabetes
53: 1215-1221
[Abstract][Full Text]
Terpstra, A. H.
(2004). Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and plasma lipids in humans: an overview of the literature. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
79: 352-361
[Abstract][Full Text]
Turner, N., Lee, J. S., Bruce, C. R., Mitchell, T. W., Else, P. L., Hulbert, A. J., Hawley, J. A.
(2004). Greater effect of diet than exercise training on the fatty acid profile of rat skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol.
96: 974-980
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gaster, M., Rustan, A. C., Aas, V., Beck-Nielsen, H.
(2004). Reduced Lipid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle From Type 2 Diabetic Subjects May Be of Genetic Origin: Evidence From Cultured Myotubes. Diabetes
53: 542-548
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tiikkainen, M., Bergholm, R., Rissanen, A., Aro, A., Salminen, I., Tamminen, M., Teramo, K., Yki-Jarvinen, H.
(2004). Effects of equal weight loss with orlistat and placebo on body fat and serum fatty acid composition and insulin resistance in obese women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
79: 22-30
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jen, K-L. C., Buison, A., Pellizzon, M., Ordiz, F. Jr., Santa Ana, L., Brown, J.
(2003). Differential Effects of Fatty Acids and Exercise on Body Weight Regulation and Metabolism in Female Wistar Rats. Exp. Biol. Med.
228: 843-849
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mougios, V., Ring, S., Petridou, A., Nikolaidis, M. G.
(2003). Duration of coffee- and exercise-induced changes in the fatty acid profile of human serum. J. Appl. Physiol.
94: 476-484
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bavenholm, P. N., Kuhl, J., Pigon, J., Saha, A. K., Ruderman, N. B., Efendic, S.
(2003). Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: Association with Truncal Obesity, Impaired Fitness, and Atypical Malonyl Coenzyme A Regulation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
88: 82-87
[Abstract][Full Text]
Andersson, A., Nalsen, C., Tengblad, S., Vessby, B.
(2002). Fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle reflects dietary fat composition in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
76: 1222-1229
[Abstract][Full Text]
Das, U. N.
(2002). Is Metabolic Syndrome X an Inflammatory Condition?. Exp. Biol. Med.
227: 989-997
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jiang, R., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Liu, S., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B.
(2002). Nut and Peanut Butter Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women. JAMA
288: 2554-2560
[Abstract][Full Text]
Louheranta, A. M, Sarkkinen, E. S, Vidgren, H. M, Schwab, U. S, Uusitupa, M. I.
(2002). Association of the fatty acid profile of serum lipids with glucose and insulin metabolism during 2 fat-modified diets in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
76: 331-337
[Abstract][Full Text]
Das, U. N
(2002). Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
75: 780-781
[Full Text]
Wahl, H. G., Kausch, C., Machicao, F., Rett, K., Stumvoll, M., Haring, H.-U.
(2002). Troglitazone Downregulates {Delta}-6 Desaturase Gene Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle Cell Cultures. Diabetes
51: 1060-1065
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wu, B. J., Else, P. L., Storlien, L. H., Hulbert, A. J.
(2002). Molecular activity of Na+/K+-ATPase from different sources is related to the packing of membrane lipids. J. Exp. Biol.
204: 4271-4280
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jula, A., Marniemi, J., Huupponen, R., Virtanen, A., Rastas, M., Ronnemaa, T.
(2002). Effects of Diet and Simvastatin on Serum Lipids, Insulin, and Antioxidants in Hypercholesterolemic Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA
287: 598-605
[Abstract][Full Text]
Greco, A. V., Mingrone, G., Giancaterini, A., Manco, M., Morroni, M., Cinti, S., Granzotto, M., Vettor, R., Camastra, S., Ferrannini, E.
(2002). Insulin Resistance in Morbid Obesity: Reversal With Intramyocellular Fat Depletion. Diabetes
51: 144-151
[Abstract][Full Text]
Harding, A.-H., Sargeant, L. A., Welch, A., Oakes, S., Luben, R. N., Bingham, S., Day, N. E., Khaw, K.-T., Wareham, N. J.
(2001). Fat Consumption and HbA1c Levels: The EPIC-Norfolk Study. Diabetes Care
24: 1911-1916
[Abstract][Full Text]
Abadie, J. M., Malcom, G. T., Porter, J. R., Svec, F.
(2001). Dehydroepiandrosterone Alters Zucker Rat Soleus and Cardiac Muscle Lipid Profiles. Exp. Biol. Med.
226: 782-789
[Abstract][Full Text]
Meyer, K. A., Kushi, L. H., Jacobs, D. R. Jr., Folsom, A. R.
(2001). Dietary Fat and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Older Iowa Women. Diabetes Care
24: 1528-1535
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boden, G., Lebed, B., Schatz, M., Homko, C., Lemieux, S.
(2001). Effects of Acute Changes of Plasma Free Fatty Acids on Intramyocellular Fat Content and Insulin Resistance in Healthy Subjects. Diabetes
50: 1612-1617
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hickner, R. C., Privette, J., McIver, K., Barakat, H.
(2001). Fatty acid oxidation in African-American and Caucasian women during physical activity. J. Appl. Physiol.
90: 2319-2324
[Abstract][Full Text]
Salmeron, J., Hu, F. B, Manson, J. E, Stampfer, M. J, Colditz, G. A, Rimm, E. B, Willett, W. C
(2001). Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
73: 1019-1026
[Abstract][Full Text]
Berry, E.M.
(2001). Are diets high in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids unhealthy?. Eur Heart J Suppl
3: D37-D41
[Abstract]
Krebs, M., Krssak, M., Nowotny, P., Weghuber, D., Gruber, S., Mlynarik, V., Bischof, M., Stingl, H., Fürnsinn, C., Waldhäusl, W., Roden, M.
(2001). Free Fatty Acids Inhibit the Glucose-Stimulated Increase of Intramuscular Glucose-6-Phosphate Concentration in Humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
86: 2153-2160
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cunnane, S. C, Ross, R., Bannister, J. L, Jenkins, D. J.
(2001). {beta}-Oxidation of linoleate in obese men undergoing weight loss. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
73: 709-714
[Abstract][Full Text]
Helge, J. W., Wu, B. J., Willer, M., Daugaard, J. R., Storlien, L. H., Kiens, B.
(2001). Training affects muscle phospholipid fatty acid composition in humans. J. Appl. Physiol.
90: 670-677
[Abstract][Full Text]
Montell, E., Turini, M., Marotta, M., Roberts, M., Noe, V., Ciudad, C. J., Mace, K., Gomez-Foix, A. M.
(2001). DAG accumulation from saturated fatty acids desensitizes insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
280: E229-E237
[Abstract][Full Text]
Berrino, F., Bellati, C., Secreto, G., Camerini, E., Pala, V., Panico, S., Allegro, G., Kaaks, R.
(2001). Reducing Bioavailable Sex Hormones through a Comprehensive Change in Diet: the Diet and Androgens (DIANA) Randomized Trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
10: 25-33
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pratley, R. E., Baier, L., Pan, D. A., Salbe, A. D., Storlien, L., Ravussin, E., Bogardus, C.
(2000). Effects of an Ala54Thr polymorphism in the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein on responses to dietary fat in humans. J. Lipid Res.
41: 2002-2008
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kim, J.-Y., Nolte, L. A., Hansen, P. A., Han, D.-H., Ferguson, K., Thompson, P. A., Holloszy, J. O.
(2000). High-fat diet-induced muscle insulin resistance: relationship to visceral fat mass. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.
279: R2057-R2065
[Abstract][Full Text]
Andersson, A., Sjodin, A., Hedman, A., Olsson, R., Vessby, B.
(2000). Fatty acid profile of skeletal muscle phospholipids in trained and untrained young men. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
279: E744-E751
[Abstract][Full Text]
Evans, W. J
(2000). Vitamin E, vitamin C, and exercise. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
72: 647S-652
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kim, Y.-B., Uotani, S., Pierroz, D. D., Flier, J. S., Kahn, B. B.
(2000). In Vivo Administration of Leptin Activates Signal Transduction Directly in Insulin-Sensitive Tissues: Overlapping but Distinct Pathways from Insulin. Endocrinology
141: 2328-2339
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ferrara, L. A., Raimondi, A. S., d'Episcopo, L., Guida, L., Dello Russo, A., Marotta, T.
(2000). Olive Oil and Reduced Need for Antihypertensive Medications. Arch Intern Med
160: 837-842
[Abstract][Full Text]
Simopoulos, A. P
(1999). Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
70: 560S-569
[Abstract][Full Text]
Helge, J. W., Ayre, K. J., Hulbert, A. J., Kiens, B., Storlien, L. H.
(1999). Regular Exercise Modulates Muscle Membrane Phospholipid Profile in Rats. J. Nutr.
129: 1636-1642
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schmitz-Peiffer, C., Craig, D. L., Biden, T. J.
(1999). Ceramide Generation Is Sufficient to Account for the Inhibition of the Insulin-stimulated PKB Pathway in C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cells Pretreated with Palmitate. J. Biol. Chem.
274: 24202-24210
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wijendran, V., Bendel, R. B, Couch, S. C, Philipson, E. H, Thomsen, K., Zhang, X., Lammi-Keefe, C. J
(1999). Maternal plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy with and without gestational diabetes mellitus: relations with maternal factors. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
70: 53-61
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bruton, J. D., Katz, A., Westerblad, H.
(1999). Insulin increases near-membrane but not global Ca2+ in isolated skeletal muscle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
96: 3281-3286
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ernsberger, P., Ishizuka, T., Liu, S., Farrell, C. J., Bedol, D., Koletsky, R. J., Friedman, J. E.
(1999). Mechanisms of Antihyperglycemic Effects of Moxonidine in the Obese Spontaneously Hypertensive Koletsky Rat (SHROB). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
288: 139-147
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ayre, K. J., Phinney, S. D., Tang, A. B., Stern, J. S.
(1998). Exercise training reduces skeletal muscle membrane arachidonate in the obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat. J. Appl. Physiol.
85: 1898-1902
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hansen, P. A., Han, D. H., Marshall, B. A., Nolte, L. A., Chen, M. M., Mueckler, M., Holloszy, J. O.
(1998). A High Fat Diet Impairs Stimulation of Glucose Transport in Muscle. FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL MECHANISMS. J. Biol. Chem.
273: 26157-26163
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clore, J. N., Li, J., Gill, R., Gupta, S., Spencer, R., Azzam, A., Zuelzer, W., Rizzo, W. B., Blackard, W. G.
(1998). Skeletal muscle phosphatidylcholine fatty acids and insulin sensitivity in normal humans. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
275: E665-E670
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ling, P.-R., Boyce, P., Bistrian, B. R.
(1998). Role of Arachidonic Acid in the Regulation of the Inflammatory Response in TNF-{alpha}-treated Rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
22: 268-275
[Abstract]
Ferrannini, E.
(1998). Insulin Resistance versus Insulin Deficiency in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Problems and Prospects. Endocr. Rev.
19: 477-490
[Abstract][Full Text]
Andersson, A., Sjodin, A., Olsson, R., Vessby, B.
(1998). Effects of physical exercise on phospholipid fatty acid composition in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
274: E432-E438
[Abstract][Full Text]
Petersen, K. F., Jacob, R., West, A. B., Sherwin, R. S., Shulman, G. I.
(1997). Effects of insulin-like growth factor I on glucose metabolism in rats with liver cirrhosis. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
273: E1189-E1193
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schmitz-Peiffer, C., Oakes, N. D., Browne, C. L., Kraegen, E. W., Biden, T. J.
(1997). Reversal of chronic alterations of skeletal muscle protein kinase C from fat-fed rats by BRL-49653. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
273: E915-E921
[Abstract][Full Text]
Huang, C.-h., Lin, H.-n., Li, S., Wang, G.
(1997). Influence of the Positions of cis Double Bonds in the sn-2-Acyl Chain of Phosphatidylethanolamine on the Bilayer's Melting Behavior. J. Biol. Chem.
272: 21917-21926
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nestel, P. J., Pomeroy, S. E., Sasahara, T., Yamashita, T., Liang, Y. L., Dart, A. M., Jennings, G. L., Abbey, M., Cameron, J. D.
(1997). Arterial Compliance in Obese Subjects Is Improved With Dietary Plant n-3 Fatty Acid From Flaxseed Oil Despite Increased LDL Oxidizability. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.
17: 1163-1170
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kliewer, S. A., Sundseth, S. S., Jones, S. A., Brown, P. J., Wisely, G. B., Koble, C. S., Devchand, P., Wahli, W., Willson, T. M., Lenhard, J. M., Lehmann, J. M.
(1997). Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
94: 4318-4323
[Abstract][Full Text]
Widen, E., Lehto, M., Kanninen, T., Walston, J., Shuldiner, A. R., Groop, L. C.
(1995). Association of a Polymorphism in the {beta}3-Adrenergic-Receptor Gene with Features of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Finns. NEJM
333: 348-352
[Abstract][Full Text]
Phinney, S. D.
(1995). Physical Activity and Risk of Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in the Elderly. JAMA
273: 521-522
[Abstract]
Wang, Z.-q., Lin, H.-n., Li, S., Huang, C.-h.
(1995). Phase Transition Behavior and Molecular Structures of Monounsaturated Phosphatidylcholines. J. Biol. Chem.
270: 2014-2023
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nugent, C., Prins, J. B., Whitehead, J. P., Wentworth, J. M., Chatterjee, V. K. K., O'Rahilly, S.
(2001). Arachidonic Acid Stimulates Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Increasing GLUT1 and GLUT4 Levels at the Plasma Membrane. EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF LIPOXYGENASE METABOLITES AND PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR gamma. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 9149-9157
[Abstract][Full Text]
Previous
