FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 329:1456-1462 November 11, 1993 Number 20 Next

	Full Text Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited Related Article PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Renal function declines progressively in patients who have diabetic nephropathy, and the decline may be slowed by antihypertensive drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether captopril has kidney-protecting properties independent of its effect on blood pressure in diabetic nephropathy.

Methods We performed a randomized, controlled trial comparing captopril with placebo in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in whom urinary protein excretion was 500 mg per day and the serum creatinine concentration was 2.5 mg per deciliter (221 µmol per liter). Blood-pressure goals were defined to achieve control during a median follow-up of three years. The primary end point was a doubling of the base-line serum creatinine concentration.

Results Two hundred seven patients received captopril, and 202 placebo. Serum creatinine concentrations doubled in 25 patients in the captopril group, as compared with 43 patients in the placebo group (P =0.007). The associated reductions in risk of a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration were 48 percent in the captopril group as a whole, 76 percent in the subgroup with a base-line serum creatinine concentration of 2.0 mg per deciliter (177 µmol per liter), 55 percent in the subgroup with a concentration of 1.5 mg per deciliter (133 µmol per liter), and 17 percent in the subgroup with a concentration of 1.0 mg per deciliter (88.4 µmol per liter). The mean (±SD) rate of decline in creatinine clearance was 11 ±21 percent per year in the captopril group and 17 ±20 percent per year in the placebo group (P = 0.03). Among the patients whose base-line serum creatinine concentration was 1.5 mg per deciliter, creatinine clearance declined at a rate of 23 ±25 percent per year in the captopril group and at a rate of 37 ±25 percent per year in the placebo group (P = 0.01). Captopril treatment was associated with a 50 percent reduction in the risk of the combined end points of death, dialysis, and transplantation that was independent of the small disparity in blood pressure between the groups.

Conclusions Captopril protects against deterioration in renal function in insulin-dependent diabetic nephropathy and is significantly more effective than blood-pressure control alone.

Source Information

From the Department of Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago (E.J.L., R.D.R.); the Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (L.G.H.); and the Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (R.P.B.). Members of the Collaborative Study Group are listed in the Appendix.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Lewis at the Section of Nephrology, 1653 W. Congress Pky., Chicago, IL 60612.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

The Effect of Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition on Diabetic Nephropathy
Fournier A., Lalau J.D., Lopez A., Marantz P. R., Parving H.-H., Lewis E. J., Bain R. P.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1994; 330:937-938, Mar 31, 1994. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• SCHREIBER, M. J. JR, (2008). Preventing renal disease progression: Can complete renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade work?. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 75: 699-704 [Full Text]  
• HIRSCH, S. (2008). An update on proteinuric chronic kidney disease: The dual-goal approach. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 75: 705-713 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kopple, J. D (2008). Do low-protein diets retard the loss of kidney function in patients with diabetic nephropathy?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88: 593-594 [Full Text]  
• Hadjadj, S., Fumeron, F., Roussel, R., Saulnier, P.-J., Gallois, Y., Ankotche, A., Travert, F., Khalil, C. A., Miot, A., Alhenc-Gelas, F., Lievre, M., Marre, M., on behalf of the DIABHYCAR, DIAB2NEPHROGENE, and S, (2008). Prognostic Value of the Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of the ACE Gene in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects: Results from the Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes, Hypertension, Microalbuminuria or Proteinuria, Cardiovascular Events, and Ramipril (DIABHYCAR), Diabete de type 2, Nephropathie et Genetique (DIAB2NEPHROGENE), and Survie, Diabete de type 2 et Genetique (SURDIAGENE) studies . Diabetes Care 31: 1847-1852 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Melamed, M. L., Bauer, C., Hostetter, T. H. (2008). eGFR: Is It Ready for Early Identification of CKD?. CJASN 3: 1569-1572 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chun, T.-Y., Chander, P. N., Kim, J.-W., Pratt, J. H., Stier, C. T. Jr. (2008). Aldosterone, but not angiotensin II, increases profibrotic factors in kidney of adrenalectomized stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 295: E305-E312 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kolesnyk, I., Noordzij, M., Dekker, F. W., Boeschoten, E. W., Krediet, R. T. (2008). A positive effect of AII inhibitors on peritoneal membrane function in long-term PD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 0: gfn421v1-gfn421 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chapman, A. B. (2008). Approaches to Testing New Treatments in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Insights from the CRISP and HALT-PKD Studies. CJASN 3: 1197-1204 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Almerie, M Q, Williams, R M, Acerini, C L (2008). SHOULD ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS BE USED IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES AND MICROALBUMINURIA?. Arch. Dis. Child. 93: 633-635 [Full Text]  
• Feldman, D. L., Jin, L., Xuan, H., Contrepas, A., Zhou, Y., Webb, R. L., Mueller, D. N., Feldt, S., Cumin, F., Maniara, W., Persohn, E., Schuetz, H., Jan Danser, A.H., Nguyen, G. (2008). Effects of Aliskiren on Blood Pressure, Albuminuria, and (Pro)Renin Receptor Expression in Diabetic TG(mRen-2)27 Rats. Hypertension 52: 130-136 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Parving, H.-H., Persson, F., Lewis, J. B., Lewis, E. J., Hollenberg, N. K., the AVOID Study Investigators, (2008). Aliskiren Combined with Losartan in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. NEJM 358: 2433-2446 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stevens, V. A, Saad, S., Poronnik, P., Fenton-Lee, C. A, Polhill, T. S, Pollock, C. A (2008). The role of SGK-1 in angiotensin II-mediated sodium reabsorption in human proximal tubular cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 1834-1843 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mima, A., Arai, H., Matsubara, T., Abe, H., Nagai, K., Tamura, Y., Torikoshi, K., Araki, M., Kanamori, H., Takahashi, T., Tominaga, T., Matsuura, M., Iehara, N., Fukatsu, A., Kita, T., Doi, T. (2008). Urinary Smad1 Is a Novel Marker to Predict Later Onset of Mesangial Matrix Expansion in Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes 57: 1712-1722 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ruggenenti, P., Perticucci, E., Cravedi, P., Gambara, V., Costantini, M., Sharma, S. K., Perna, A., Remuzzi, G. (2008). Role of Remission Clinics in the Longitudinal Treatment of CKD. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19: 1213-1224 [Full Text]  
• Peng, F., Wu, D., Gao, B., Ingram, A. J., Zhang, B., Chorneyko, K., McKenzie, R., Krepinsky, J. C. (2008). RhoA/Rho-Kinase Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Renal Disease. Diabetes 57: 1683-1692 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dubel, G. J, Murphy, T. P (2008). The role of percutaneous revascularization for renal artery stenosis. Vasc Med 13: 141-156 [Abstract]  
• Bauer, C., Melamed, M. L., Hostetter, T. H. (2008). Staging of Chronic Kidney Disease: Time for a Course Correction. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19: 844-846 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Coffman, T. M., Crowley, S. D. (2008). Kidney in Hypertension: Guyton Redux. Hypertension 51: 811-816 [Full Text]  
• Arfa, I., Abid, A., Nouira, S., Elloumi-Zghal, H., Malouche, D., Mannai, I., Zorgati, M. M., Ben Alaya, N., Rebai, A., Zouari, B., Ben Ammar, S., Ben Rayana, M. C., Hmida, S., Blousa-Chabchoub, S., Abdelhak, S. (2008). Lack of association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (I/D) polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy in Tunisian type 2 diabetic patients. Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 9: 32-36 [Abstract]  
• Jaar, B. G., Khatib, R., Plantinga, L., Boulware, L. E., Powe, N. R. (2008). Principles of Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease. CJASN 3: 601-609 [Full Text]  
• Xu, Z.-G., Yuan, H., Lanting, L., Li, S.-L., Wang, M., Shanmugam, N., Kato, M., Adler, S. G., Reddy, M. A., Natarajan, R. (2008). Products of 12/15-Lipoxygenase Upregulate the Angiotensin II Receptor. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19: 559-569 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nakhoul, F., Khankin, E., Yaccob, A., Kawachi, H., Karram, T., Awaad, H., Nakhoul, N., Hoffman, A., Abassi, Z. (2008). Eplerenone potentiates the antiproteinuric effects of enalapril in experimental nephrotic syndrome. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 294: F628-F637 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gradman, A. H., Kad, R. (2008). Renin inhibition in hypertension.. J Am Coll Cardiol 51: 519-528 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Steinman, T. I. (2008). Renal and cardiac effects of antihypertensive treatment with ramipril versus metoprolol in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 431-433 [Full Text]  
• de Zeeuw, D., Raz, I. (2008). Albuminuria: A Great Risk Marker, but an Underestimated Target in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 31: S190-S193 [Full Text]  
• Knoll, G. A., Cantarovitch, M., Cole, E., Gill, J., Gourishankar, S., Holland, D., Kiberd, B., Muirhead, N., Prasad, R., Tibbles, L. A., Treleaven, D., Fergusson, D. (2008). The Canadian ACE-inhibitor trial to improve renal outcomes and patient survival in kidney transplantation study design. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 354-358 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Steigerwalt, S. (2008). Management of Hypertension in Diabetic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. Diabetes Spectr. 21: 30-36 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lely, A. T., van der Kleij, F. G.H., Kistemaker, T. J., Apperloo, A. J., de Jong, P. E., de Zeeuw, D., Navis, G. (2008). Impact of the Preintervention Rate of Renal Function Decline on Outcome of Renoprotective Intervention. CJASN 3: 54-60 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• American Diabetes Association, (2008). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2008. Diabetes Care 31: S12-S54 [Full Text]  
• McWilliams, J. M., Meara, E., Zaslavsky, A. M., Ayanian, J. Z. (2007). Health of Previously Uninsured Adults After Acquiring Medicare Coverage. JAMA 298: 2886-2894 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Burnier, M. (2007). Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system for renal future perspectives protection: from history to future perspective. Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 8: 208-211  
• Siragy, H. M. (2007). Angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors the battle for health and disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 3128-3130 [Full Text]  
• Authors/Task Force Members, , Graham, I., Atar, D., Borch-Johnsen, K., Boysen, G., Burell, G., Cifkova, R., Dallongeville, J., De Backer, G., Ebrahim, S., Gjelsvik, B., Herrmann-Lingen, C., Hoes, A., Humphries, S., Knapton, M., Perk, J., Priori, S. G., Pyorala, K., Reiner, Z., Ruilope, L., Sans-Menendez, S., Scholte op Reimer, W., Weissberg, P., Wood, D., Yarnell, J., Zamorano, J. L., Other experts who contributed to parts of the guid, , Walma, E., Fitzgerald, T., Cooney, M. T., Dudina, A., European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for, , Vahanian, A., Camm, J., De Caterina, R., Dean, V., Dickstein, K., Funck-Brentano, C., Filippatos, G., Hellemans, I., Kristensen, S. D., McGregor, K., Sechtem, U., Silber, S., Tendera, M., Widimsky, P., Zamorano, J. L., Document reviewers:, , Hellemans, I., Altiner, A., Bonora, E., Durrington, P. N., Fagard, R., Giampaoli, S., Hemingway, H., Hakansson, J., Kjeldsen, S. E., Larsen, M. L., Mancia, G., Manolis, A. J., Orth-Gomer, K., Pedersen, T., Rayner, M., Ryden, L., Sammut, M., Schneiderman, N., Stalenhoef, A. F., Tokgozoglu, L., Wiklund, O., Zampelas, A. (2007). European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J 28: 2375-2414 [Full Text]  
• Stevens, L. A., Coresh, J., Feldman, H. I., Greene, T., Lash, J. P., Nelson, R. G., Rahman, M., Deysher, A. E., Zhang, Y., Schmid, C. H., Levey, A. S. (2007). Evaluation of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Equation in a Large Diverse Population. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18: 2749-2757 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tan, Y., Keum, J.-S., Wang, B., McHenry, M. B., Lipsitz, S. R., Jaffa, A. A. (2007). Targeted deletion of B2-kinin receptors protects against the development of diabetic nephropathy. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 293: F1026-F1035 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ardissino, G., Vigano, S., Testa, S., Dacco, V., Paglialonga, F., Leoni, A., Belingheri, M., Avolio, L., Ciofani, A., Claris-Appiani, A., Cusi, D., Edefonti, A., Ammenti, A., Cecconi, M., Fede, C., Ghio, L., La Manna, A., Maringhini, S., Papalia, T., Pela, I., Pisanello, L., Ratsch, I. M., on behalf of the ItalKid Project, (2007). No clear evidence of ACEi efficacy on the progression of chronic kidney disease in children with hypodysplastic nephropathy report from the ItalKid Project database. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 2525-2530 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cho, M. E., Smith, D. C., Branton, M. H., Penzak, S. R., Kopp, J. B. (2007). Pirfenidone Slows Renal Function Decline in Patients with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. CJASN 2: 906-913 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Borer, J. S. (2007). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a landmark advance in treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Eur Heart J Suppl 9: E2-E9 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chobanian, A. V. (2007). Isolated Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly. NEJM 357: 789-796 [Full Text]  
• Wong, D. W., Oudit, G. Y., Reich, H., Kassiri, Z., Zhou, J., Liu, Q. C., Backx, P. H., Penninger, J. M., Herzenberg, A. M., Scholey, J. W. (2007). Loss of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (Ace2) Accelerates Diabetic Kidney Injury. Am. J. Pathol. 171: 438-451 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rosendorff, C., Black, H. R., Cannon, C. P., Gersh, B. J., Gore, J., Izzo, J. L. Jr, Kaplan, N. M., O'Connor, C. M., O'Gara, P. T., Oparil, S. (2007). REPRINT Treatment of Hypertension in the Prevention and Management of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Hypertension 50: e28-e55 [Full Text]  
• McWilliams, J. M., Meara, E., Zaslavsky, A. M., Ayanian, J. Z. (2007). Use of Health Services by Previously Uninsured Medicare Beneficiaries. NEJM 357: 143-153 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cavanaugh, K. L. (2007). Diabetes Management Issues for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. Clin. Diabetes 25: 90-97 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boulanger, H., Mansouri, R., Gautier, J. F., Glotz, D. (2007). Reply--PPAR agonists in diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 2095-2096 [Full Text]  
• Tuttle, K. R., McGill, J. B., Haney, D. J., Lin, T. E., Anderson, P. W., for the PKC-DRS, PKC-DMES, and PKC-DRS 2 Study Gro, (2007). Kidney Outcomes in Long-Term Studies of Ruboxistaurin for Diabetic Eye Disease. CJASN 2: 631-636 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Velez, J. C. Q., Bland, A. M., Arthur, J. M., Raymond, J. R., Janech, M. G. (2007). Characterization of renin-angiotensin system enzyme activities in cultured mouse podocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 293: F398-F407 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Campbell, H. M, Boardman, K. D, Dodd, M. A, Raisch, D. W (2007). Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Markov Model. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 41: 1101-1110 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Authors/Task Force Members:, , Mancia, G., De Backer, G., Dominiczak, A., Cifkova, R., Fagard, R., Germano, G., Grassi, G., Heagerty, A. M., Kjeldsen, S. E., Laurent, S., Narkiewicz, K., Ruilope, L., Rynkiewicz, A., Schmieder, R. E., Struijker Boudier, H. A.J., Zanchetti, A., ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG):, , Vahanian, A., Camm, J., De Caterina, R., Dean, V., Dickstein, K., Filippatos, G., Funck-Brentano, C., Hellemans, I., Kristensen, S. D., McGregor, K., Sechtem, U., Silber, S., Tendera, M., Widimsky, P., Zamorano, J. L., ESH Scientific Council:, , Kjeldsen, S. E., Erdine, S., Narkiewicz, K., Kiowski, W., Agabiti-Rosei, E., Ambrosioni, E., Cifkova, R., Dominiczak, A., Fagard, R., Heagerty, A. M., Laurent, S., Lindholm, L. H., Mancia, G., Manolis, A., Nilsson, P. M., Redon, J., Schmieder, R. E., Struijker-Boudier, H. A.J., Viigimaa, M., Document Reviewers:, , Filippatos, G., Adamopoulos, S., Agabiti-Rosei, E., Ambrosioni, E., Bertomeu, V., Clement, D., Erdine, S., Farsang, C., Gaita, D., Kiowski, W., Lip, G., Mallion, J.-M., Manolis, A. J., Nilsson, P. M., O'Brien, E., Ponikowski, P., Redon, J., Ruschitzka, F., Tamargo, J., van Zwieten, P., Viigimaa, M., Waeber, B., Williams, B., Zamorano, J. L. (2007). 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 0: ehm236v1-75 [Full Text]  
• Garcia-Garcia, G., Briseno-Renteria, G., Luquin-Arellan, V. H., Gao, Z., Gill, J., Tonelli, M. (2007). Survival among Patients with Kidney Failure in Jalisco, Mexico. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18: 1922-1927 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rosendorff, C., Black, H. R., Cannon, C. P., Gersh, B. J., Gore, J., Izzo, J. L. Jr, Kaplan, N. M., O'Connor, C. M., O'Gara, P. T., Oparil, S. (2007). Treatment of Hypertension in the Prevention and Management of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 115: 2761-2788 [Full Text]  
• Fischer, M. A., Choudhry, N. K., Winkelmayer, W. C. (2007). Impact Of Medicaid Prior Authorization On Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers: Can Policy Promote Rational Prescribing?. Health Aff (Millwood) 26: 800-807 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ficociello, L. H., Perkins, B. A., Silva, K. H., Finkelstein, D. M., Ignatowska-Switalska, H., Gaciong, Z., Cupples, L. A., Aschengrau, A., Warram, J. H., Krolewski, A. S. (2007). Determinants of Progression from Microalbuminuria to Proteinuria in Patients Who Have Type 1 Diabetes and Are Treated with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. CJASN 2: 461-469 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lewis, J. (2007). Treating Diabetic Nephropathy: Unfinished Success Is Not Failure. CJASN 2: 407-409 [Full Text]  
• Hadjadj, S., Tarnow, L., Forsblom, C., Kazeem, G., Marre, M., Groop, P.-H., Parving, H.-H., Cambien, F., Tregouet, D. A., Gut, I. G., Theva, A., Gauguier, D., Farrall, M., Cox, R., Matsuda, F., Lathrop, M., FinnDiane Study Group, , Hager-Vionnet, N., for the EURAGEDIC (European Rational Approach for, (2007). Association between Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphisms and Diabetic Nephropathy: Case-Control, Haplotype, and Family-Based Study in Three European Populations. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18: 1284-1291 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• El Chaar, M., Chen, J., Seshan, S. V., Jha, S., Richardson, I., Ledbetter, S. R., Vaughan, E. D. Jr, Poppas, D. P., Felsen, D. (2007). Effect of combination therapy with enalapril and the TGF-beta antagonist 1D11 in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 292: F1291-F1301 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Donnelly, R., Manning, G. (2007). Review: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and coronary heart disease prevention. Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 8: 13-22 [Abstract]  
• Coughlan, M. T., Thallas-Bonke, V., Pete, J., Long, D. M., Gasser, A., Tong, D. C. K., Arnstein, M., Thorpe, S. R., Cooper, M. E., Forbes, J. M. (2007). Combination Therapy with the Advanced Glycation End Product Cross-Link Breaker, Alagebrium, and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Diabetes: Synergy or Redundancy?. Endocrinology 148: 886-895 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kamper, A.-L. (2007). The importance of a correct evaluation of progression in studies on chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 3-5 [Full Text]  
• Hsu, C.-y., Go, A. S., McCulloch, C. E., Darbinian, J., Iribarren, C. (2007). Exploring Secular Trends in the Likelihood of Receiving Treatment for End-Stage Renal Disease. CJASN 2: 81-88 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Benck, U., Haeckel, S., Clorius, J. H., van der Woude, F. J. (2007). Proteinuria-Lowering Effect of Heparin Therapy in Diabetic Nephropathy without Affecting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. CJASN 2: 58-67 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ruggenenti, P., Remuzzi, G. (2007). Kidney Failure Stabilizes after a Two-Decade Increase: Impact on Global (Renal and Cardiovascular) Health. CJASN 2: 146-150 [Full Text]  
• American Diabetes Association, (2007). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2007. Diabetes Care 30: S4-S41 [Full Text]  
• Shankar, A., Klein, R., Klein, B. E.K., Nieto, F. J., Moss, S. E. (2007). Relationship Between Low-Normal Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease in Type 1 Diabetes. Hypertension 49: 48-54 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dzau, V. J., Antman, E. M., Black, H. R., Hayes, D. L., Manson, J. E., Plutzky, J., Popma, J. J., Stevenson, W. (2006). The Cardiovascular Disease Continuum Validated: Clinical Evidence of Improved Patient Outcomes: Part II: Clinical Trial Evidence (Acute Coronary Syndromes Through Renal Disease) and Future Directions. Circulation 114: 2871-2891 [Full Text]  
• Langham, R. G., Kelly, D. J., Gow, R. M., Zhang, Y., Cordonnier, D. J., Pinel, N., Zaoui, P., Gilbert, R. E. (2006). Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} in Human Diabetic Nephropathy: Effects of ACE inhibition. Diabetes Care 29: 2670-2675 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fernandez-Juarez, G., Barrio, V., de Vinuesa, S. G., Goicoechea, M., Praga, M., Luno, J. (2006). Dual Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Progression of Renal Disease: The Need for More Clinical Trials. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17: S250-S254 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Edwards, N.C., Steeds, R.P., Ferro, C.J., Townend, J.N. (2006). The treatment of coronary artery disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. QJM 99: 723-736 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ohshiro, Y., Ma, R. C., Yasuda, Y., Hiraoka-Yamamoto, J., Clermont, A. C., Isshiki, K., Yagi, K., Arikawa, E., Kern, T. S., King, G. L. (2006). Reduction of Diabetes-Induced Oxidative Stress, Fibrotic Cytokine Expression, and Renal Dysfunction in Protein Kinase C{beta}-Null Mice. Diabetes 55: 3112-3120 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Guo, C., Martinez-Vasquez, D., Mendez, G. P., Toniolo, M. F., Yao, T. M., Oestreicher, E. M., Kikuchi, T., Lapointe, N., Pojoga, L., Williams, G. H., Ricchiuti, V., Adler, G. K. (2006). Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Reduces Renal Injury in Rodent Models of Types 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrinology 147: 5363-5373 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Abbate, M., Zoja, C., Remuzzi, G. (2006). How Does Proteinuria Cause Progressive Renal Damage?. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17: 2974-2984 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Opelz, G., Zeier, M., Laux, G., Morath, C., Dohler, B. (2006). No Improvement of Patient or Graft Survival in Transplant Recipients Treated with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers: A Collaborative Transplant Study Report. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17: 3257-3262 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pfeffer, M. A., Frohlich, E. D. (2006). Improvements in clinical outcomes with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: cross-fertilization between clinical and basic investigation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291: H2021-H2025 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van de Wal, R. M.A., Gansevoort, R. T., van der Harst, P., Boomsma, F., Thijs Plokker, H.W., van Veldhuisen, D. J., de Jong, P. E., van Gilst, W. H., Voors, A. A. (2006). Predictors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Reduction of Urinary Albumin Excretion in Nondiabetic Patients. Hypertension 48: 870-876 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sarkar, P., Nicholson, G., Hall, G. (2006). Brief review: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angioedema: anesthetic implications: [Revue sommaire sur les implications anesthesiques de l'oedeme de Quincke et des inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine].. Canadian J. Anesthesia 53: 994-1003 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Soma, J., Sato, K., Saito, H., Tsuchiya, Y. (2006). Effect of tranilast in early-stage diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 2795-2799 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Winkelmayer, W. C., Zhang, Z., Shahinfar, S., Cooper, M. E., Avorn, J., Brenner, B. M. (2006). Efficacy and Safety of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade in Elderly Patients With Diabetes. Diabetes Care 29: 2210-2217 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jose, P., Skali, H., Anavekar, N., Tomson, C., Krumholz, H. M., Rouleau, J. L., Moye, L., Pfeffer, M. A., Solomon, S. D., for the SAVE Investigators, (2006). Increase in Creatinine and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Systolic Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17: 2886-2891 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rossing, P., Parving, H.-H., de Zeeuw, D. (2006). Renoprotection by blocking the RAAS in diabetic nephropathy--fact or fiction?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 2354-2357 [Full Text]  
• Lawson, C. R, Doulton, T. W, MacGregor, G. A (2006). Review: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Raised Blood Pressure in Progression of Renal and Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 7: 139-145 [Abstract]  
• Mann, J. F. E., McClellan, W. M., Kunz, R., Ritz, E. (2006). Progression of renal disease--can we forget about inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 2348-2351 [Full Text]  
• Griffin, K. A., Bidani, A. K. (2006). Progression of Renal Disease: Renoprotective Specificity of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade. CJASN 1: 1054-1065 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hollenberg, N. K., Epstein, M. (2006). Renin Angiotensin System Blockade and Nephropathy: Why Is It Being Called into Question, and Should It Be?. CJASN 1: 1046-1048 [Full Text]  
• Howard, P. A, Cheng, J. W., Crouch, M. A, Colucci, V. J, Kalus, J. S, Spinler, S. A, Munger, M. (2006). Drug Therapy Recommendations from the 2005 ACC/AHA Guidelines for Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 40: 1607-1616 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Strauss, M. H., Hall, A. S. (2006). Angiotensin Receptor Blockers May Increase Risk of Myocardial Infarction: Unraveling the ARB-MI Paradox. Circulation 114: 838-854 [Full Text]  
• Johnson, S. L., Tierney, E. F., Onyemere, K. U., Tseng, C.-W., Safford, M. M., Karter, A. J., Ferrara, A., Duru, O. K., Brown, A. F., Narayan, K.M. V., Thompson, T. J., Herman, W. H. (2006). Who Is Tested for Diabetic Kidney Disease and Who Initiates Treatment?: The Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care 29: 1733-1738 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Jong, P. E., Curhan, G. C. (2006). Screening, Monitoring, and Treatment of Albuminuria: Public Health Perspectives. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17: 2120-2126 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sinuani, I., Averbukh, Z., Gitelman, I., Rapoport, M. J., Sandbank, J., Albeck, M., Sredni, B., Weissgarten, J. (2006). Mesangial cells initiate compensatory renal tubular hypertrophy via IL-10-induced TGF-beta secretion: effect of the immunomodulator AS101 on this process. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 291: F384-F394 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sacco, R. L., Goldstein, L. B. (2006). Response to Letter by Mysak et al. Stroke 37: 1968-1968 [Full Text]  
• Navaneethan, S. D., Querques, M., Bonifati, C., Strippoli, G. F. M. (2006). Antihypertensive Agents in Patients With Diabetes: Trade-off Between Renal and Cardiovascular Protection.. The Diabetes Educator 32: 596-602 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Musso, C., Javor, E., Cochran, E., Balow, J. E, Gorden, P. (2006). Spectrum of Renal Diseases Associated with Extreme Forms of Insulin Resistance. CJASN 1: 616-622 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stevens, L. A., Greene, T., Levey, A. S. (2006). Surrogate End Points for Clinical Trials of Kidney Disease Progression. CJASN 1: 874-884 [Full Text]  
• Sandhu, S., Wiebe, N., Fried, L. F., Tonelli, M. (2006). Statins for Improving Renal Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17: 2006-2016 [Abstract] [Full Text]