FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 332:934-940 April 6, 1995 Number 14 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

	Full Text PDF Purchase this article Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

Approximately one third of adults and half of children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) eventually have neurologic complications, which are directly attributable to infection of the brain by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).^1,2 Neurologic problems occur even in the absence of opportunistic infection or secondary cancer.³ Important clinical manifestations include impaired mental concentration, slowness of hand movements, and difficulty in walking. This malady has been called the AIDS dementia complex by Price and colleagues³; a more recent term is HIV-1–associated cognitive–motor complex.

Pathologically, the signs of HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system (or HIV encephalitis) . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Neuronal Injury Mediated by Brain Macrophages

Involvement of Various Types of Cell in HIV-Related Neuronal Injury

Nitric Oxide

HIV-1 Coat Protein gp120 and Neuronal Injury

NMDA Antagonists for the Prevention of AIDS Dementia

Discussion

Source Information

From the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital (S.A.L.); the Departments of Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital (S.A.L.); and the Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School (S.A.L.) — all in Boston; and the Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Medicine, and the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (h.E.G.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Lipton at Children's Hospital–Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders Bldg., Suite 361, Boston, MA 02115.

References

Related Letters:

Nitric Oxide and AIDS Dementia
Fuchs D., Baier-Bitterlich G., Wachter H., Lipton S. A., Gendelman H. E.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1995; 333:521-522, Aug 24, 1995. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Rao, V. R., Sas, A. R., Eugenin, E. A., Siddappa, N. B., Bimonte-Nelson, H., Berman, J. W., Ranga, U., Tyor, W. R., Prasad, V. R. (2008). HIV-1 Clade-Specific Differences in the Induction of Neuropathogenesis. J. Neurosci. 28: 10010-10016 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Alirezaei, M., Watry, D. D., Flynn, C. F., Kiosses, W. B., Masliah, E., Williams, B. R. G., Kaul, M., Lipton, S. A., Fox, H. S. (2007). Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1/Surface Glycoprotein 120 Induces Apoptosis through RNA-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Neurons. J. Neurosci. 27: 11047-11055 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Choi, W.-T., Kaul, M., Kumar, S., Wang, J., Kumar, I. M. K., Dong, C.-Z., An, J., Lipton, S. A., Huang, Z. (2007). Neuronal Apoptotic Signaling Pathways Probed and Intervened by Synthetically and Modularly Modified (SMM) Chemokines. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 7154-7163 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Acheampong, E., Parveen, Z., Mengistu, A., Ngoubilly, N., Wigdahl, B., Lossinsky, A. S., Pomerantz, R. J., Mukhtar, M. (2007). Cholesterol-Depleting Statin Drugs Protect Postmitotically Differentiated Human Neurons against Ethanol- and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Induced Oxidative Stress In Vitro. J. Virol. 81: 1492-1501 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Viviani, B., Gardoni, F., Bartesaghi, S., Corsini, E., Facchi, A., Galli, C. L., Di Luca, M., Marinovich, M. (2006). Interleukin-1beta Released by gp120 Drives Neural Death through Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Trafficking of NMDA Receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 30212-30222 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, M.-O., Suh, H.-S., Si, Q., Terman, B. I., Lee, S. C. (2006). Anti-CD45RO Suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Microglia: Role of Hck Tyrosine Kinase and Implications for AIDS Dementia. J. Virol. 80: 62-72 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dou, H., Ellison, B., Bradley, J., Kasiyanov, A., Poluektova, L. Y., Xiong, H., Maggirwar, S., Dewhurst, S., Gelbard, H. A., Gendelman, H. E. (2005). Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Lithium in Murine Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Encephalitis. J. Neurosci. 25: 8375-8385 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nardacci, R., Antinori, A., Larocca, L. M., Arena, V., Amendola, A., Perfettini, J.-L., Kroemer, G., Piacentini, M. (2005). Characterization of Cell Death Pathways in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Encephalitis. Am. J. Pathol. 167: 695-704 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harrington, P. R., Haas, D. W., Ritola, K., Swanstrom, R. (2005). Compartmentalized Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Present in Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Produced by Short-Lived Cells. J. Virol. 79: 7959-7966 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schifitto, G., McDermott, M. P., McArthur, J. C., Marder, K., Sacktor, N., McClernon, D. R., Conant, K., Cohen, B., Epstein, L. G., Kieburtz, K., the NEAD Consortium, (2005). Markers of immune activation and viral load in HIV-associated sensory neuropathy. Neurology 64: 842-848 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ragin, A. B., Storey, P., Cohen, B. A., Edelman, R. R., Epstein, L. G. (2004). Disease burden in HIV-associated cognitive impairment: A study of whole-brain imaging measures. Neurology 63: 2293-2297 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rock, R. B., Gekker, G., Hu, S., Sheng, W. S., Cheeran, M., Lokensgard, J. R., Peterson, P. K. (2004). Role of Microglia in Central Nervous System Infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17: 942-964 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Potula, R., Dhillion, N., Sui, Y., Zien, C. A., Funa, K., Pinson, D., Mayo, M. S., Singh, D. K., Narayan, O., Buch, S. (2004). Association of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-B Chain with Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis. Am. J. Pathol. 165: 815-824 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Xu, Y., Kulkosky, J., Acheampong, E., Nunnari, G., Sullivan, J., Pomerantz, R. J. (2004). HIV-1-mediated apoptosis of neuronal cells: Proximal molecular mechanisms of HIV-1-induced encephalopathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 7070-7075 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sui, Y., Potula, R., Dhillon, N., Pinson, D., Li, S., Nath, A., Anderson, C., Turchan, J., Kolson, D., Narayan, O., Buch, S. (2004). Neuronal Apoptosis Is Mediated by CXCL10 Overexpression in Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis. Am. J. Pathol. 164: 1557-1566 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stebbing, J., Gazzard, B., Douek, D. C. (2004). Where Does HIV Live?. NEJM 350: 1872-1880 [Full Text]  
• Ragin, A. B., Storey, P., Cohen, B. A., Epstein, L. G., Edelman, R. R. (2004). Whole Brain Diffusion Tensor Imaging in HIV-Associated Cognitive Impairment. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 25: 195-200 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Igarashi, T., Donau, O. K., Imamichi, H., Dumaurier, M.-J., Sadjadpour, R., Plishka, R. J., Buckler-White, A., Buckler, C., Suffredini, A. F., Lane, H. C., Moore, J. P., Martin, M. A. (2003). Macrophage-Tropic Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Chimeras Use CXCR4, Not CCR5, for Infections of Rhesus Macaque Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Alveolar Macrophages. J. Virol. 77: 13042-13052 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dou, H., Birusingh, K., Faraci, J., Gorantla, S., Poluektova, L. Y., Maggirwar, S. B., Dewhurst, S., Gelbard, H. A., Gendelman, H. E. (2003). Neuroprotective Activities of Sodium Valproate in a Murine Model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Encephalitis. J. Neurosci. 23: 9162-9170 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nanduri, V. R., Lillywhite, L., Chapman, C., Parry, L., Pritchard, J., Vargha-Khadem, F. (2003). Cognitive Outcome of Long-Term Survivors of Multisystem Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A Single-Institution, Cross-Sectional Study. JCO 21: 2961-2967 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhang, K., Rana, F., Silva, C., Ethier, J., Wehrly, K., Chesebro, B., Power, C. (2003). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope-Mediated Neuronal Death: Uncoupling of Viral Replication and Neurotoxicity. J. Virol. 77: 6899-6912 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, B. O., Liu, Y., Ruan, Y., Xu, Z. C., Schantz, L., He, J. J. (2003). Neuropathologies in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat Protein under the Regulation of the Astrocyte-Specific Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Promoter and Doxycycline. Am. J. Pathol. 162: 1693-1707 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Miura, Y., Misawa, N., Kawano, Y., Okada, H., Inagaki, Y., Yamamoto, N., Ito, M., Yagita, H., Okumura, K., Mizusawa, H., Koyanagi, Y. (2003). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induces neuronal death in a murine model of HIV central nervous system infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 2777-2782 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sperber, K., Beuria, P., Singha, N., Gelman, I., Cortes, P., Chen, H., Kraus, T. (2003). Induction of Apoptosis by HIV-1-Infected Monocytic Cells. J. Immunol. 170: 1566-1578 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Burudi, E. M. E., Marcondes, M. C. G., Watry, D. D., Zandonatti, M., Taffe, M. A., Fox, H. S. (2002). Regulation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Monkey Brains. J. Virol. 76: 12233-12241 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chen, W., Sulcove, J., Frank, I., Jaffer, S., Ozdener, H., Kolson, D. L. (2002). Development of a Human Neuronal Cell Model for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Macrophage-Induced Neurotoxicity: Apoptosis Induced by HIV Type 1 Primary Isolates and Evidence for Involvement of the Bcl-2/Bcl-xL-Sensitive Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway. J. Virol. 76: 9407-9419 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tyler, K. L., McArthur, J. C. (2002). Through a Glass, Darkly: Cerebrospinal Fluid Viral Load Measurements and the Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of the Central Nervous System. Arch Neurol 59: 909-912 [Full Text]  
• Garden, G. A., Budd, S. L., Tsai, E., Hanson, L., Kaul, M., D'Emilia, D. M., Friedlander, R. M., Yuan, J., Masliah, E., Lipton, S. A. (2002). Caspase Cascades in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurodegeneration. J. Neurosci. 22: 4015-4024 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gorry, P. R., Taylor, J., Holm, G. H., Mehle, A., Morgan, T., Cayabyab, M., Farzan, M., Wang, H., Bell, J. E., Kunstman, K., Moore, J. P., Wolinsky, S. M., Gabuzda, D. (2002). Increased CCR5 Affinity and Reduced CCR5/CD4 Dependence of a Neurovirulent Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate. J. Virol. 76: 6277-6292 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nesbit, C. E., Schwartz, S. A. (2002). In Vitro and Animal Models of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of the Central Nervous System. CVI 9: 515-524 [Full Text]  
• Keppler, O. T., Welte, F. J., Ngo, T. A., Chin, P. S., Patton, K. S., Tsou, C.-L., Abbey, N. W., Sharkey, M. E., Grant, R. M., You, Y., Scarborough, J. D., Ellmeier, W., Littman, D. R., Stevenson, M., Charo, I. F., Herndier, B. G., Speck, R. F., Goldsmith, M. A. (2002). Progress Toward a Human CD4/CCR5 Transgenic Rat Model for De Novo Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. JEM 195: 719-736 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gorry, P. R., Bristol, G., Zack, J. A., Ritola, K., Swanstrom, R., Birch, C. J., Bell, J. E., Bannert, N., Crawford, K., Wang, H., Schols, D., De Clercq, E., Kunstman, K., Wolinsky, S. M., Gabuzda, D. (2001). Macrophage Tropism of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates from Brain and Lymphoid Tissues Predicts Neurotropism Independent of Coreceptor Specificity. J. Virol. 75: 10073-10089 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Asensio, V. C., Maier, J., Milner, R., Boztug, K., Kincaid, C., Moulard, M., Phillipson, C., Lindsley, K., Krucker, T., Fox, H. S., Campbell, I. L. (2001). Interferon-Independent, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120-Mediated Induction of CXCL10/IP-10 Gene Expression by Astrocytes In Vivo and In Vitro. J. Virol. 75: 7067-7077 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aquaro, S., Menten, P., Struyf, S., Proost, P., Van Damme, J., De Clercq, E., Schols, D. (2001). The LD78{beta} Isoform of MIP-1{alpha} Is the Most Potent CC-Chemokine in Inhibiting CCR5-Dependent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Human Macrophages. J. Virol. 75: 4402-4406 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Martín, J., LaBranche, C. C., González-Scarano, F. (2001). Differential CD4/CCR5 Utilization, gp120 Conformation, and Neutralization Sensitivity between Envelopes from a Microglia-Adapted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Its Parental Isolate. J. Virol. 75: 3568-3580 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gill, S. S., Pulido, O. M. (2001). Review Article: Glutamate Receptors in Peripheral Tissues: Current Knowledge, Future Research, and Implications for Toxicology. Toxicol Pathol 29: 208-223 [Abstract]  
• Yeh, M. W., Kaul, M., Zheng, J., Nottet, H. S. L. M., Thylin, M., Gendelman, H. E., Lipton, S. A. (2000). Cytokine-Stimulated, But Not HIV-Infected, Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Produce Neurotoxic Levels of L-Cysteine. J. Immunol. 164: 4265-4270 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gill, S. S., Mueller, R. W., Mcguire, P. F., Pulido, O. M. (2000). Potential Target Sites in Peripheral Tissues for Excitatory Neurotransmission and Excitotoxicity. Toxicol Pathol 28: 277-284 [Abstract]  
• Marra, C. M, Booss, J. (2000). Does brain penetration of anti-HIV drugs matter?. Sex. Transm. Infect. 76: 1-2 [Full Text]  
• Shieh, J. T. C., Martín, J., Baltuch, G., Malim, M. H., González-Scarano, F. (2000). Determinants of Syncytium Formation in Microglia by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Role of the V1/V2 Domains. J. Virol. 74: 693-701 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Garaci, E., Caroleo, M. C., Aloe, L., Aquaro, S., Piacentini, M., Costa, N., Amendola, A., Micera, A., Calio, R., Perno, C.-F., Levi-Montalcini, R. (1999). Nerve growth factor is an autocrine factor essential for the survival of macrophages infected with HIV. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 14013-14018 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chang, L., Ernst, T., Leonido-Yee, M., Witt, M., Speck, O., Walot, I., Miller, E. N. (1999). Highly active antiretroviral therapy reverses brain metabolite abnormalities in mild HIV dementia. Neurology 53: 782-782 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kaul, M., Lipton, S. A. (1999). Chemokines and activated macrophages in HIV gp120-induced neuronal apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 8212-8216 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• LoPiccolo, C. J., Goodkin, K. (1999). The Role of Precise Conceptualization in the Treatment of a Complicated HIV-1–Infected Neuropsychiatric Patient. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 11: 234-240 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ohagen, A., Ghosh, S., He, J., Huang, K., Chen, Y., Yuan, M., Osathanondh, R., Gartner, S., Shi, B., Shaw, G., Gabuzda, D. (1999). Apoptosis Induced by Infection of Primary Brain Cultures with Diverse Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates: Evidence for a Role of the Envelope. J. Virol. 73: 897-906 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Childs, E. A., Lyles, R. H., Selnes, O. A., Chen, B., Miller, E. N., Cohen, B. A., Becker, J. T., Mellors, J., McArthur, J. C. (1999). Plasma viral load and CD4 lymphocytes predict HIV-associated dementia and sensory neuropathy. Neurology 52: 607-607 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Horn, T. F. W., Huitron-Resendiz, S., Weed, M. R., Henriksen, S. J., Fox, H. S. (1998). Early physiological abnormalities after simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 15072-15077 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Power, C., McArthur, J. C., Nath, A., Wehrly, K., Mayne, M., Nishio, J., Langelier, T., Johnson, R. T., Chesebro, B. (1998). Neuronal Death Induced by Brain-Derived Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Genes Differs between Demented and Nondemented AIDS Patients. J. Virol. 72: 9045-9053 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Power, C., Buist, R., Johnston, J. B., Del Bigio, M. R., Ni, W., Dawood, M. R., Peeling, J. (1998). Neurovirulence in Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Neonatal Cats Is Viral Strain Specific and Dependent on Systemic Immune Suppression. J. Virol. 72: 9109-9115 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rebolledo, M. A., Krogstad, P., Chen, F., Shannon, K. M., Klitzner, T. S. (1998). Infection of Human Fetal Cardiac Myocytes by a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1–Derived Vector. Circ. Res. 83: 738-742 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kundu, M., Sharma, S., De Luca, A., Giordano, A., Rappaport, J., Khalili, K., Amini, S. (1998). HIV-1 Tat Elongates the G1 Phase and Indirectly Promotes HIV-1 Gene Expression in Cells of Glial Origin. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 8130-8136 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brooke, S., Chan, R., Howard, S., Sapolsky, R. (1997). Endocrine modulation of the neurotoxicity of gp120: Implications for AIDS-related dementia complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 9457-9462 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• He, J., deCastro, C. M., Vandenbark, G. R., Busciglio, J., Gabuzda, D. (1997). Astrocyte apoptosis induced by HIV-1 transactivation of the c-kit protooncogene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 3954-3959 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Adamson, D. C., Wildemann, B., Sasaki, M., Glass, J. D., McArthur, J. C., Christov, V. I., Dawson, T. M., Dawson, V. L. (1996). Immunologic NO Synthase: Elevation in Severe AIDS Dementia and Induction by HIV-1 gp41. Science 274: 1917-1921 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lipton, S.A., Ma, M.J. (1996). Case 36-1996- A 37-Year-Old Man with AIDS, Neurologic Deterioration, and Multiple Hemorrhagic Cerebral Lesions. NEJM 335: 1587-1595 [Full Text]  
• Fine, S. M., Angel, R. A., Perry, S. W., Epstein, L. G., Rothstein, J. D., Dewhurst, S., Gelbard, H. A. (1996). Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha Inhibits Glutamate Uptake by Primary Human Astrocytes. IMPLICATIONS FOR PATHOGENESIS OF HIV-1 DEMENTIA. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 15303-15306 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Price, R.W. (1996). AIDS Dementia Complex: A Complex, Slow Virus "Model" of Acquired Genetic Neurodegenerative Disease. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 61: 759-770 [Abstract]  
• Mintz, M. (1995). Carnitine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. J Child Neurol 10: 2S40-2S44 [Abstract]  
• Fuchs, D., Baier-Bitterlich, G., Wachter, H., Lipton, S. A., Gendelman, H. E. (1995). Nitric Oxide and AIDS Dementia. NEJM 333: 521-522 [Full Text]  
• Caffrey, M., Braddock, D. T., Louis, J. M., Abu-Asab, M. A., Kingma, D., Liotta, L., Tsokos, M., Tresser, N., Pannell, L. K., Watts, N., Steven, A. C., Simon, M. N., Stahl, S. J., Wingfield, P. T., Clore, G. M. (2000). Biophysical Characterization of gp41 Aggregates Suggests a Model for the Molecular Mechanism of HIV-associated Neurological Damage and Dementia. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 19877-19882 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Liu, Q.-H., Williams, D. A., McManus, C., Baribaud, F., Doms, R. W., Schols, D., De Clercq, E., Kotlikoff, M. I., Collman, R. G., Freedman, B. D. (2000). HIV-1 gp120 and chemokines activate ion channels in primary macrophages through CCR5 and CXCR4 stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 4832-4837 [Abstract] [Full Text]