FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 332:1758-1766 June 29, 1995 Number 26 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

	Full Text PDF Purchase this article Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

Coronary heart disease has long been recognized as the leading cause of death among middle-aged men, but it is an equally important cause of death and disability among older women. By the age of 60 years, only 1 in 17 women in the United States has had a coronary event, as compared with 1 in 5 men. After the age of 60, however, coronary heart disease is the primary cause of death among women. In this age group, one in four women, as well as one in four men, die of coronary heart disease.¹ The annual numbers of American women . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Risk Factors and Preventive Strategies for Women and Men

Cigarette Smoking

Cholesterol

Hypertension

Diabetes Mellitus

Obesity

Physical Activity

Alcohol Consumption

Low-Dose Aspirin

Antioxidant Vitamins

Risk Factors and Preventive Strategies Unique to Women

Menopause

Postmenopausal Hormone-Replacement Therapy

Oral Contraceptives

Conclusions

Source Information

From the Division of Preventive Medicine (J.W.R.-E., J.E.M., C.H.H., J.E.B.) and the Channing Laboratory (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; and the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health (J.W.R.-E., C.H.H.) — all in Boston.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Rich-Edwards at 900 Commonwealth Ave. East, Boston, MA 02215.

References

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Anastasakis, E., Paraskevas, K. I., Papantoniou, N., Daskalakis, G., Mesogitis, S., Mikhailidis, D. P., Antsaklis, A. (2008). Association Between Abnormal Uterine Artery Doppler Flow Velocimetry, Risk of Preeclampsia, and Indices of Arterial Structure and Function: A Pilot Study. ANGIOLOGY 59: 493-499 [Abstract]  
• Anand, S. S., Islam, S., Rosengren, A., Franzosi, M. G., Steyn, K., Yusufali, A. H., Keltai, M., Diaz, R., Rangarajan, S., Yusuf, S., on behalf of the INTERHEART Investigators, (2008). Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men: insights from the INTERHEART study. Eur Heart J 29: 932-940 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Daugherty, S. L., Ho, P. M., Spertus, J. A., Jones, P. G., Bach, R. G., Krumholz, H. M., Peterson, E. D., Rumsfeld, J. S., Masoudi, F. A. (2008). Association of Early Follow-up After Acute Myocardial Infarction With Higher Rates of Medication Use. Arch Intern Med 168: 485-491 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stangl, V., Witzel, V., Baumann, G., Stangl, K. (2008). Current diagnostic concepts to detect coronary artery disease in women. Eur Heart J 29: 707-717 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ferrara, A., Mangione, C. M., Kim, C., Marrero, D. G., Curb, D., Stevens, M., Selby, J. V., for the Translating Research Into Action for Diabe, (2008). Sex Disparities in Control and Treatment of Modifiable Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Patients With Diabetes: Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Diabetes Care 31: 69-74 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blaauw, J., van Pampus, M. G., Van Doormaal, J. J., Fokkema, M. R., Fidler, V., Smit, A. J., Aarnoudse, J. G. (2006). Increased intima-media thickness after early-onset preeclampsia.. Obstet Gynecol 107: 1345-1351 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Delille, J.-P., Slanetz, P. J., Yeh, E. D., Kopans, D. B., Halpern, E. F., Garrido, L. (2005). Hormone Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women: Breast Tissue Perfusion Determined with MR Imaging--Initial Observations. Radiology 235: 36-41 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ulrich, C. M., Whitton, J., Yu, J.-H., Sibert, J., Sparks, R., Potter, J. D., Bigler, J. (2005). PTGS2 (COX-2) -765G > C Promoter Variant Reduces Risk of Colorectal Adenoma among Nonusers of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14: 616-619 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ferrara, A., Williamson, D. F., Karter, A. J., Thompson, T. J., Kim, C., for the TRIAD Study Group, (2004). Sex Differences in Quality of Health Care Related to Ischemic Heart Disease Prevention in Patients With Diabetes: The Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study, 2000-2001. Diabetes Care 27: 2974-2976 [Full Text]  
• Hoffmann, K., Zyriax, B.-C., Boeing, H., Windler, E. (2004). A dietary pattern derived to explain biomarker variation is strongly associated with the risk of coronary artery disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80: 633-640 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stangl, V., Baumann, G., Stangl, K. (2002). Coronary atherogenic risk factors in women. Eur Heart J 23: 1738-1752 [Full Text]  
• Cagnacci, A., Paoletti, A. M., Zanni, A., Arangino, S., Ibba, G., Orru, M., Melis, G. B., Volpe, A. (2002). Raloxifene Does Not Modify Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87: 4117-4121 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nieman, D. C., Brock, D. W., Butterworth, D., Utter, A. C., Nieman, C. C. (2002). Reducing Diet and/or Exercise Training Decreases the Lipid and Lipoprotein Risk Factors of Moderately Obese Women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 21: 344-350 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Welty, F. K. (2001). Cardiovascular Disease and Dyslipidemia in Women. Arch Intern Med 161: 514-522 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Malaviya, A N, Mourou, M (2000). Should low-dose aspirin also be a background therapy for all patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?. Lupus 9: 561-562  
• Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Grodstein, F., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., Willett, W. C. (2000). Trends in the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease and Changes in Diet and Lifestyle in Women. NEJM 343: 530-537 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nabel, E. G. (2000). Coronary Heart Disease in Women -- An Ounce of Prevention. NEJM 343: 572-574 [Full Text]  
• Manzi, S. (2000). Systemic lupus erythematosus: a model for atherogenesis?. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39: 353-359 [Full Text]  
• Wise, M. R., Stewart, D. E., Liu, P., Abramson, B. L. (1999). Use of hormone replacement therapy among cardiac patients at a Canadian academic centre. CMAJ 161: 33-36 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dunn, N., Thorogood, M., Faragher, B., de Caestecker, L., MacDonald, T. M, McCollum, C., Thomas, S., Mann, R., Lidegaard, O. (1999). Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction: results of the MICA case-control study • Commentary: Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction: reassuring new findings. BMJ 318: 1579-1584 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wolk, A., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Hu, F. B., Speizer, F. E., Hennekens, C. H., Willett, W. C. (1999). Long-term Intake of Dietary Fiber and Decreased Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women. JAMA 281: 1998-2004 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Benzie, I. F.F., Chung, W.-y., Tomlinson, B. (1999). Simultaneous Measurement of Allantoin and Urate in Plasma: Analytical Evaluation and Potential Clinical Application in Oxidant:Antioxidant Balance Studies. Clin. Chem. 45: 901-904 [Full Text]  
• Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E. B., Manson, J. E., Ascherio, A., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B. A., Spiegelman, D., Speizer, F. E., Sacks, F. M., Hennekens, C. H., Willett, W. C. (1999). A Prospective Study of Egg Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women. JAMA 281: 1387-1394 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cagnacci, A., Rovati, L., Zanni, A., Malmusi, S., Facchinetti, F., Volpe, A. (1999). Physiological doses of estradiol decrease nocturnal blood pressure in normotensive postmenopausal women. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 276: H1355-H1360 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jousilahti, P., Vartiainen, E., Tuomilehto, J., Puska, P. (1999). Sex, Age, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Coronary Heart Disease : A Prospective Follow-Up Study of 14 786 Middle-Aged Men and Women in Finland. Circulation 99: 1165-1172 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sbarouni, E., Kyriakides, Z. S., Kremastinos, D. T. (1998). The effect of hormone replacement therapy alone and in combination with simvastatin on plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 32: 1244-1250 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lewis, S. J., Sacks, F. M., Mitchell, J. S., East, C., Glasser, S., Kell, S., Letterer, R., Limacher, M., Moye, L. A., Rouleau, J. L., Pfeffer, M. A., Braunwald, E., for the CARE Investigators, (1998). Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 32: 140-146 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Westerveld, H. T., van Lennep, J. E. R., van Lennep, H. W. O. R., Liem, A.-H., de Boo, J. A. J., van der Schouw, Y. T., Erkelens, D. W. (1998). Apolipoprotein B and Coronary Artery Disease in Women : A Cross-sectional Study in Women Undergoing Their First Coronary Angiography. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 18: 1101-1107 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hennekens, C. H. (1998). Increasing Burden of Cardiovascular Disease : Current Knowledge and Future Directions for Research on Risk Factors. Circulation 97: 1095-1102 [Full Text]  
• Smith-Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D., Yaun, S.-S., van den Brandt, P. A., Folsom, A. R., Goldbohm, R. A., Graham, S., Holmberg, L., Howe, G. R., Marshall, J. R., Miller, A. B., Potter, J. D., Speizer, F. E., Willett, W. C., Wolk, A., Hunter, D. J. (1998). Alcohol and Breast Cancer in Women: A Pooled Analysis of Cohort Studies. JAMA 279: 535-540 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cagnacci, A., Arangino, S., Angiolucci, M., Maschio, E., Melis, G. B. (1998). Influences of melatonin administration on the circulation of women. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 274: R335-R338 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Howard, G., Wagenknecht, L. E., Burke, G. L., Diez-Roux, A., Evans, G. W., McGovern, P., Nieto, F. J., Tell, G. S., for the ARIC Investigators, (1998). Cigarette Smoking and Progression of Atherosclerosis: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. JAMA 279: 119-124 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mosca, L., Manson, J. E., Sutherland, S. E., Langer, R. D., Manolio, T., Barrett-Connor, E., Barrett-Connor, E. (1997). Cardiovascular Disease in Women : A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation 96: 2468-2482 [Full Text]  
• Roger, V. L., Pellikka, P. A., Bell, M. R., Chow, C. W.H., Bailey, K. R., Seward, J. B (1997). Sex and Test Verification Bias: Impact on the Diagnostic Value of Exercise Echocardiography. Circulation 95: 405-410 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Douglas, P. S., Ginsburg, G. S. (1996). The Evaluation of Chest Pain in Women. NEJM 334: 1311-1315 [Full Text]  
• Guetta, V., Cannon, R. O. III (1996). Cardiovascular Effects of Estrogen and Lipid-Lowering Therapies in Postmenopausal Women. Circulation 93: 1928-1937 [Full Text]  
• (1996). Women and coronary heart disease. DTB 34: 28-30 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Margolis, K. L., Ensrud, K., Maldonado, M., Charney, P., Clayton, T., Rich-Edwards, J., Manson, J., Hennekens, C., Buring, J. (1995). The Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women. NEJM 333: 1570-1572 [Full Text]  
• Sijbrands, E. J.G., Smelt, A. H.M., Westendorp, R. G.J., Lowenfels, A. B., Fuchs, C. S., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C. (1995). Alcohol Consumption and Mortality among Women. NEJM 333: 1081-1082 [Full Text]  
• Sherman, L., Temple, R, Merkatz, R. (1995). Women in clinical trials: an FDA perspective. Science 269: 793-795