Although disease develops within 10 years in most persons infectedwith human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), some remainsymptom-free for prolonged periods.1,2 Most long-term asymptomaticsurvivors of HIV-1 infection still have evidence of diseaseprogression in the form of declining CD4+ lymphocyte concentrations.However, some rare persons not only are asymptomatic but alsomaintain stable levels of CD4+ lymphocytes in the normal ornear-normal range. Although the definition of nonprogressionmay vary, approximately 5 percent of seropositive persons haveshown no HIV-related disease or declines in CD4+ cell countsdespite 10 or more years of documented HIV-1 infection.2 Studying. . . [Full Text of this Article]
Methods
DNA Analysis
Patients
Case Report
Results
Discussion
Source Information
From the New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Mass. (F.K., R.C.D.); the Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (T.C.G., J.L.S.); and the Medical Center of Central Massachusetts, Memorial Hospital, Worcester (D.B.B.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Desrosiers at the New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, 1 Pine Hill Dr., Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772-9102.
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Krautkramer, E., Giese, S. I., Gasteier, J. E., Muranyi, W., Fackler, O. T.
(2004). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Activates p21-Activated Kinase via Recruitment into Lipid Rafts. J. Virol.
78: 4085-4097
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Casartelli, N., Di Matteo, G., Potesta, M., Rossi, P., Doria, M.
(2003). CD4 and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Downregulation by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Protein in Pediatric AIDS Progression. J. Virol.
77: 11536-11545
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Stove, V., Naessens, E., Stove, C., Swigut, T., Plum, J., Verhasselt, B.
(2003). Signaling but not trafficking function of HIV-1 protein Nef is essential for Nef-induced defects in human intrathymic T-cell development. Blood
102: 2925-2932
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Schindler, M., Wurfl, S., Benaroch, P., Greenough, T. C., Daniels, R., Easterbrook, P., Brenner, M., Munch, J., Kirchhoff, F.
(2003). Down-Modulation of Mature Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II and Up-Regulation of Invariant Chain Cell Surface Expression Are Well-Conserved Functions of Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus nef Alleles. J. Virol.
77: 10548-10556
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Tobiume, M., Lineberger, J. E., Lundquist, C. A., Miller, M. D., Aiken, C.
(2003). Nef Does Not Affect the Efficiency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Fusion with Target Cells. J. Virol.
77: 10645-10650
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Gould, S. J., Booth, A. M., Hildreth, J. E. K.
(2003). The Trojan exosome hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
100: 10592-10597
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Arganaraz, E. R., Schindler, M., Kirchhoff, F., Cortes, M. J., Lama, J.
(2003). Enhanced CD4 Down-modulation by Late Stage HIV-1 nef Alleles Is Associated with Increased Env Incorporation and Viral Replication. J. Biol. Chem.
278: 33912-33919
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Rangel, H. R., Weber, J., Chakraborty, B., Gutierrez, A., Marotta, M. L., Mirza, M., Kiser, P., Martinez, M. A., Este, J. A., Quinones-Mateu, M. E.
(2003). Role of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Gene in Viral Fitness. J. Virol.
77: 9069-9073
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Alexander, L., Illyinskii, P. O., Lang, S. M., Means, R. E., Lifson, J., Mansfield, K., Desrosiers, R. C.
(2003). Determinants of Increased Replicative Capacity of Serially Passaged Simian Immunodeficiency Virus with nef Deleted in Rhesus Monkeys. J. Virol.
77: 6823-6835
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Sugimoto, C., Tadakuma, K., Otani, I., Moritoyo, T., Akari, H., Ono, F., Yoshikawa, Y., Sata, T., Izumo, S., Mori, K.
(2003). nef Gene Is Required for Robust Productive Infection by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus of T-Cell-Rich Paracortex in Lymph Nodes. J. Virol.
77: 4169-4180
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Forshey, B. M., Aiken, C.
(2003). Disassembly of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cores In Vitro Reveals Association of Nef with the Subviral Ribonucleoprotein Complex. J. Virol.
77: 4409-4414
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Olivetta, E., Percario, Z., Fiorucci, G., Mattia, G., Schiavoni, I., Dennis, C., Jager, J., Harris, M., Romeo, G., Affabris, E., Federico, M.
(2003). HIV-1 Nef Induces the Release of Inflammatory Factors from Human Monocyte/Macrophages: Involvement of Nef Endocytotic Signals and NF-{kappa}B Activation. J. Immunol.
170: 1716-1727
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Stoddart, C. A., Geleziunas, R., Ferrell, S., Linquist-Stepps, V., Moreno, M. E., Bare, C., Xu, W., Yonemoto, W., Bresnahan, P. A., McCune, J. M., Greene, W. C.
(2003). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef-Mediated Downregulation of CD4 Correlates with Nef Enhancement of Viral Pathogenesis. J. Virol.
77: 2124-2133
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Ball, S. C., Abraha, A., Collins, K. R., Marozsan, A. J., Baird, H., Quinones-Mateu, M. E., Penn-Nicholson, A., Murray, M., Richard, N., Lobritz, M., Zimmerman, P. A., Kawamura, T., Blauvelt, A., Arts, E. J.
(2002). Comparing the Ex Vivo Fitness of CCR5-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates of Subtypes B and C. J. Virol.
77: 1021-1038
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Voss, G., Manson, K., Montefiori, D., Watkins, D. I., Heeney, J., Wyand, M., Cohen, J., Bruck, C.
(2002). Prevention of Disease Induced by a Partially Heterologous AIDS Virus in Rhesus Monkeys by Using an Adjuvanted Multicomponent Protein Vaccine. J. Virol.
77: 1049-1058
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Chakrabarti, L. A., Metzner, K. J., Ivanovic, T., Cheng, H., Louis-Virelizier, J., Connor, R. I., Cheng-Mayer, C.
(2002). A Truncated Form of Nef Selected during Pathogenic Reversion of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239{Delta}nef Increases Viral Replication. J. Virol.
77: 1245-1256
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Johnson, W. E., Lifson, J. D., Lang, S. M., Johnson, R. P., Desrosiers, R. C.
(2002). Importance of B-Cell Responses for Immunological Control of Variant Strains of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Virol.
77: 375-381
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Munch, J., Janardhan, A., Stolte, N., Stahl-Hennig, C., ten Haaft, P., Heeney, J. L., Swigut, T., Kirchhoff, F., Skowronski, J.
(2002). T-Cell Receptor:CD3 Down-Regulation Is a Selected In Vivo Function of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Nef but Is Not Sufficient for Effective Viral Replication in Rhesus Macaques. J. Virol.
76: 12360-12364
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Vilhardt, F., Plastre, O., Sawada, M., Suzuki, K., Wiznerowicz, M., Kiyokawa, E., Trono, D., Krause, K.-H.
(2002). The HIV-1 Nef Protein and Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Activation. J. Biol. Chem.
277: 42136-42143
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Alexander, L., Aquino-DeJesus, M. J., Chan, M., Andiman, W. A.
(2002). Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Replication by a Two-Amino-Acid Insertion in HIV-1 Vif from a Nonprogressing Mother and Child. J. Virol.
76: 10533-10539
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Ignatius, R., Tenner-Racz, K., Messmer, D., Gettie, A., Blanchard, J., Luckay, A., Russo, C., Smith, S., Marx, P. A., Steinman, R. M., Racz, P., Pope, M.
(2002). Increased Macrophage Infection upon Subcutaneous Inoculation of Rhesus Macaques with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Loaded Dendritic Cells or T Cells but Not with Cell-Free Virus. J. Virol.
76: 9787-9797
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Geyer, M., Yu, H., Mandic, R., Linnemann, T., Zheng, Y.-H., Fackler, O. T., Peterlin, B. M.
(2002). Subunit H of the V-ATPase Binds to the Medium Chain of Adaptor Protein Complex 2 and Connects Nef to the Endocytic Machinery. J. Biol. Chem.
277: 28521-28529
[Abstract][Full Text]
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