FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 333:1528-1534 December 7, 1995 Number 23 Next

	Full Text PDF Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors have only moderate clinical efficacy against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Ritonavir is an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease with potent in vitro anti-HIV properties and good oral bioavailability.

Methods We evaluated the antiviral activity and safety of ritonavir in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1 and 2 study of 84 HIV-positive patients with 50 or more CD4+ lymphocytes per cubic millimeter. The patients were randomly assigned to one of four regimens of ritonavir therapy, or to placebo for four weeks and then (by random assignment) to one of the ritonavir regimens.

Results During the first 4 weeks, increases in CD4+ lymphocyte counts and reductions in the log number of copies of HIV-1 RNA per milliliter of plasma were similar among the four dosage groups, but in the three lower-dosage groups there was a return to base-line levels by 16 weeks. After 32 weeks, in the seven patients in the highest-dosage group (600 mg of ritonavir every 12 hours), the median increase from base line in the CD4+ lymphocyte count was 230 cells per cubic millimeter, and the mean decrease in the plasma concentration of HIV-1 RNA (as measured by a branched-chain DNA assay) was 0.81 log (95 percent confidence interval, 0.40 to 1.22). In a subgroup of 17 patients in the two higher-dosage groups, RNA was also measured with an assay based on the polymerase chain reaction, and after eight weeks of treatment there was a mean maximal decrease in viral RNA of 1.94 log (95 percent confidence interval, 1.37 to 2.51). Adverse events included nausea, circumoral paresthesia, elevated hepatic aminotransferase levels, and elevated triglyceride levels. Ten withdrawals from the study were judged to be related to ritonavir treatment.

Conclusions In this short-term study, ritonavir was well tolerated and had potent activity against HIV-1, but its clinical benefits remain to be established.

Source Information

From the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.A.D., C.A.B.B.); St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia (A.C., D.A.C.); Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill. (J.M.L., L.M.L., A.H., J.M.V.); the Hospital de Bellvitge "Principes de España," Barcelona, Spain (F.G.); the Hospital La Paz, Madrid (J.G., A.G.A.); the Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain (A.R.); the Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid (R.R., R.D.); the Hospital General Gregorio Marañon, Madrid (E.B.); the Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid (V.P.); the Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (J.G.L.); and the University Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.C.C.B.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Danner at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine, and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Indinavir Nephropathy
Tashima K. T., Horowitz J. D., Rosen S.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1997; 336:138-140, Jan 9, 1997. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Laurence, J., Modarresi, R., Wang, X., Yao, Q., Chen, C. (2007). Modeling Metabolic Effects of the HIV Protease Inhibitor Ritonavir In Vitro. Am. J. Pathol. 171: 1724-1725 [Full Text]  
• Hodgson, T.A., Greenspan, D., Greenspan, J.S. (2006). Oral Lesions of HIV Disease and HAART in Industrialized Countries. ADR 19: 57-62 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Flint, S.R., Tappuni, A., Leigh, J., Schmidt-Westhausen, A.-M., MacPhail, L. (2006). (B3) Markers of Immunodeficiency and Mechanisms of HAART Therapy on Oral Lesions. ADR 19: 146-151 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boston, N. S., Slish, J. C. (2005). Management of HIV Infection in Persons Co-infected With Hepatitis. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 18: 295-309 [Abstract]  
• Thomas-Geevarghese, A., Raghavan, S., Minolfo, R., Holleran, S., Ramakrishnan, R., Ormsby, B., Karmally, W., Ginsberg, H. N, El-Sadr, W. M, Albu, J., Berglund, L. (2005). Postprandial response to a physiologic caloric load in HIV-positive patients receiving protease inhibitor-based or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 146-154 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Menotti, J., Santillana-Hayat, M., Cassinat, B., Sarfati, C., Derouin, F., Molina, J.-M. (2005). Inhibitory Activity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Aspartyl Protease Inhibitors against Encephalitozoon intestinalis Evaluated by Cell Culture-Quantitative PCR Assay. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 2362-2366 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brogly, S., Williams, P., Seage, G. R. III, Oleske, J. M., Van Dyke, R., McIntosh, K., for the PACTG 219C Team, (2005). Antiretroviral Treatment in Pediatric HIV Infection in the United States: From Clinical Trials to Clinical Practice. JAMA 293: 2213-2220 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stein, D. S., Lou, Y., Johnson, M., Randall, S., Blanche, S., for the Prob2004 Study Team, (2004). Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Amprenavir-Containing Combination Therapy in HIV-1-Infected Children. J Clin Pharmacol 44: 1301-1308 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Petrie, K. J., Fontanilla, I., Thomas, M. G., Booth, R. J., Pennebaker, J. W. (2004). Effect of Written Emotional Expression on Immune Function in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Randomized Trial. Psychosom. Med. 66: 272-275 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Calza, L., Manfredi, R., Chiodo, F. (2004). Dyslipidaemia associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 53: 10-14 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Haas, D. W., Johnson, B., Nicotera, J., Bailey, V. L., Harris, V. L., Bowles, F. B., Raffanti, S., Schranz, J., Finn, T. S., Saah, A. J., Stone, J. (2003). Effects of Ritonavir on Indinavir Pharmacokinetics in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 2131-2137 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Goujard, C., Vincent, I., Meynard, J.-L., Choudet, N., Bollens, D., Rousseau, C., Demarles, D., Gillotin, C., Bidault, R., Taburet, A.-M. (2003). Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Amprenavir Coadministered with Ritonavir in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 118-123 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gaedicke, S., Firat-Geier, E., Constantiniu, O., Lucchiari-Hartz, M., Freudenberg, M., Galanos, C., Niedermann, G. (2002). Antitumor Effect of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitor Ritonavir: Induction of Tumor-Cell Apoptosis Associated with Perturbation of Proteasomal Proteolysis. Cancer Res. 62: 6901-6908 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pati, S., Pelser, C. B., Dufraine, J., Bryant, J. L., Reitz, M. S. Jr, Weichold, F. F. (2002). Antitumorigenic effects of HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir: inhibition of Kaposi sarcoma. Blood 99: 3771-3779 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sale, M., Sadler, B. M., Stein, D. S. (2002). Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulations of Interaction of Amprenavir and Ritonavir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 746-754 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sadler, B. M., Gillotin, C., Lou, Y., Eron, J. J., Lang, W., Haubrich, R., Stein, D. S. (2001). Pharmacokinetic Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors Used in Combination with Amprenavir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 3663-3668 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Besson, C., Goubar, A., Gabarre, J., Rozenbaum, W., Pialoux, G., Chatelet, F.-P., Katlama, C., Charlotte, F., Dupont, B., Brousse, N., Huerre, M., Mikol, J., Camparo, P., Mokhtari, K., Tulliez, M., Salmon-Ceron, D., Boue, F., Costagliola, D., Raphael, M. (2001). Changes in AIDS-related lymphoma since the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Blood 98: 2339-2344 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mittler, J., Essunger, P., Yuen, G. J., Clendeninn, N., Markowitz, M., Perelson, A. S. (2001). Short-Term Measures of Relative Efficacy Predict Longer-Term Reductions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Levels following Nelfinavir Monotherapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 1438-1443 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Miller, T. L., Mawn, B. E., Orav, E. J., Wilk, D., Weinberg, G. A., Nicchitta, J., Furuta, L., Cutroni, R., McIntosh, K., Burchett, S. K., Gorbach, S. L. (2001). The Effect of Protease Inhibitor Therapy on Growth and Body Composition in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Children. Pediatrics 107: 77e-77 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sadler, B. M., Gillotin, C., Lou, Y., Stein, D. S. (2001). Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitor Amprenavir after Multiple Oral Dosing. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 30-37 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kilby, J. M., Sfakianos, G., Gizzi, N., Siemon-Hryczyk, P., Ehrensing, E., Oo, C., Buss, N., Saag, M. S. (2000). Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Once-Daily Regimens of Soft-Gel Capsule Saquinavir plus Minidose Ritonavir in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative Adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 2672-2678 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lenhard, J. M., Croom, D. K., Weiel, J. E., Spaltenstein, A., Reynolds, D. J., Furfine, E. S. (2000). Dietary Fat Alters HIV Protease Inhibitor-Induced Metabolic Changes in Mice. J. Nutr. 130: 2361-2366 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schwarcz, S. K., Hsu, L. C., Vittinghoff, E., Katz, M. H. (2000). Impact of Protease Inhibitors and Other Antiretroviral Treatments on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Survival in San Francisco, California, 1987-1996. Am J Epidemiol 152: 178-185 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tsiodras, S., Mantzoros, C., Hammer, S., Samore, M. (2000). Effects of Protease Inhibitors on Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia, and Lipodystrophy: A 5-Year Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med 160: 2050-2056 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sei, S., Yang, Q.-e., O'Neill, D., Yoshimura, K., Nagashima, K., Mitsuya, H. (2000). Identification of a Key Target Sequence To Block Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication within the gag-pol Transframe Domain. J. Virol. 74: 4621-4633 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sulkowski, M. S., Thomas, D. L., Chaisson, R. E., Moore, R. D. (2000). Hepatotoxicity Associated With Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Role of Hepatitis C or B Virus Infection. JAMA 283: 74-80 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Campbell, T. B., Sevin, A., Coombs, R. W., Peterson, G. C., Rosandich, M., Kuritzkes, D. R., Mladenovic, J., Landay, A., Wong, R., Ambruso, D., Miles, S., Pomerantz, R. J., Schooley, R. T., the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group 285 Study Tea, (2000). Changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virus load during mobilization and harvesting of hemopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 95: 48-55 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harrington, R. D., Woodward, J. A., Hooton, T. M., Horn, J. R. (1999). Life-Threatening Interactions Between HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors and the Illicit Drugs MDMA and {gamma}-Hydroxybutyrate. Arch Intern Med 159: 2221-2224 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blanche, P, Rigolet, A, Gombert, B, Ginsburg, C, Salmon, D, Sicard, D (1999). Ergotism related to a single dose of ergotamine tartrate in an AIDS patient treated with ritonavir. Postgrad. Med. J. 75: 546-548 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kumar, G. N., Dykstra, J., Roberts, E. M., Jayanti, V. K., Hickman, D., Uchic, J., Yao, Y., Surber, B., Thomas, S., Granneman, G. R. (1999). Potent Inhibition of the Cytochrome P-450 3A-Mediated Human Liver Microsomal Metabolism of a Novel HIV Protease Inhibitor by Ritonavir: A Positive Drug-Drug Interaction. Drug Metab. Dispos. 27: 902-908 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lucas, G. M., Chaisson, R. E., Moore, R. D. (1999). Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in a Large Urban Clinic: Risk Factors for Virologic Failure and Adverse Drug Reactions. ANN INTERN MED 131: 81-87 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Miller, V., Mocroft, A., Reiss, P., Katlama, C., Papadopoulos, A. I., Katzenstein, T., van Lunzen, J., Antunes, F., Phillips, A. N., Lundgren, J. D., for the EuroSIDA Study Group*, (1999). Relations among CD4 Lymphocyte Count Nadir, Antiretroviral Therapy, and HIV-1 Disease Progression: Results from the EuroSIDA Study. ANN INTERN MED 130: 570-577 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kiriyama, A., Nishiura, T., Yamaji, H., Takada, K. (1999). Metabolic Characterization of a Tripeptide Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitor, KNI-272, in Rat Liver Microsomes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 549-556 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Montero, A., Giovannoni, A. G., Tvrde, P. L. (1999). Leg Ischemia in a Patient Receiving Ritonavir and Ergotamine. ANN INTERN MED 130: 329-330 [Full Text]  
• Zazzi, M., Romano, L., Catucci, M., Venturi, G., De Milito, A., Valensin, P. E. (1999). Clinical Evaluation of an In-House Reverse Transcription-Competitive PCR for Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 333-338 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kumar, G. N., Jayanti, V., Lee, R. D., Whittern, D. N., Uchic, J., Thomas, S., Johnson, P., Grabowski, B., Sham, H., Betebenner, D., Kempf, D. J., Denissen, J. F. (1999). In Vitro Metabolism of the HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor ABT-378: Species Comparison and Metabolite Identification. Drug Metab. Dispos. 27: 86-91 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ouellet, D., Hsu, A., Qian, J., Lamm, J. E., Cavanaugh, J. H., Leonard, J. M., Granneman, G. R. (1998). Effect of Fluoxetine on Pharmacokinetics of Ritonavir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 3107-3112 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sham, H. L., Kempf, D. J., Molla, A., Marsh, K. C., Kumar, G. N., Chen, C.-M., Kati, W., Stewart, K., Lal, R., Hsu, A., Betebenner, D., Korneyeva, M., Vasavanonda, S., McDonald, E., Saldivar, A., Wideburg, N., Chen, X., Niu, P., Park, C., Jayanti, V., Grabowski, B., Granneman, G. R., Sun, E., Japour, A. J., Leonard, J. M., Plattner, J. J., Norbeck, D. W. (1998). ABT-378, a Highly Potent Inhibitor of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 3218-3224 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nijhuis, M., Boucher, C. A. B., Schipper, P., Leitner, T., Schuurman, R., Albert, J. (1998). Stochastic processes strongly influence HIV-1 evolution during suboptimal protease-inhibitor therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 14441-14446 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boden, D., Markowitz, M. (1998). Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2775-2783 [Full Text]  
• Hsu, A., Granneman, G. R., Cao, G., Carothers, L., Japour, A., El-Shourbagy, T., Dennis, S., Berg, J., Erdman, K., Leonard, J. M., Sun, E. (1998). Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Ritonavir and Indinavir in Healthy Volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2784-2791 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Andre, P., Groettrup, M., Klenerman, P., de Giuli, R., Booth, B. L. Jr., Cerundolo, V., Bonneville, M., Jotereau, F., Zinkernagel, R. M., Lotteau, V. (1998). An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease modulates proteasome activity, antigen presentation, and T cell responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 13120-13124 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Patick, A. K., Duran, M., Cao, Y., Shugarts, D., Keller, M. R., Mazabel, E., Knowles, M., Chapman, S., Kuritzkes, D. R., Markowitz, M. (1998). Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Isolated from Patients Treated with the Protease Inhibitor Nelfinavir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2637-2644 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (1998). Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of Pediatric HIV Infection. Pediatrics 102: 1005-1062 [Full Text]  
• Deeks, S. G., Barditch-Crovo, P., Lietman, P. S., Hwang, F., Cundy, K. C., Rooney, J. F., Hellmann, N. S., Safrin, S., Kahn, J. O. (1998). Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Antiretroviral Activity of Intravenous 9-[2-(R)-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine, a Novel Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Therapy, in HIV-Infected Adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2380-2384 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cato, A. III, Qian, J., Hsu, A., Levy, B., Leonard, J., Granneman, R. (1998). Multidose Pharmacokinetics of Ritonavir and Zidovudine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 1788-1793 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mueller, B. U., Anderson, B. D., Farley, M. Q., Murphy, R., Zuckerman, J., Jarosinski, P., Godwin, K., McCully, C. L., Mitsuya, H., Pizzo, P. A., Balis, F. M. (1998). Pharmacokinetics of the Protease Inhibitor KNI-272 in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Nonhuman Primates after Intravenous Dosing and in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children after Intravenous and Oral Dosing. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 1815-1818 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gulick, R. M., Mellors, J. W., Havlir, D., Eron, J. J., Gonzalez, C., McMahon, D., Jonas, L., Meibohm, A., Holder, D., Schleif, W. A., Condra, J. H., Emini, E. A., Isaacs, R., Chodakewitz, J. A., Richman, D. D. (1998). Simultaneous vs Sequential Initiation of Therapy With Indinavir, Zidovudine, and Lamivudine for HIV-1 Infection: 100-Week Follow-up. JAMA 280: 35-41 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eastman, P. S., Mittler, J., Kelso, R., Gee, C., Boyer, E., Kolberg, J., Urdea, M., Leonard, J. M., Norbeck, D. W., Mo, H., Markowitz, M. (1998). Genotypic Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Associated with Loss of Suppression of Plasma Viral RNA Levels in Subjects Treated with Ritonavir (Norvir) Monotherapy. J. Virol. 72: 5154-5164 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Flexner, C. (1998). HIV-Protease Inhibitors. NEJM 338: 1281-1293 [Full Text]  
• Bartlett, J. A. (1998). Strategies of Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults. The Oncologist 3: 111-118 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tepper, V. J., Farley, J. J., Rothman, M. I., Houck, D. L., MS, K. F. D., Collins-Jones, T. L., Wachtel, R. C. (1998). Neurodevelopmental/Neuroradiologic Recovery of a Child Infected With HIV After Treatment With Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Using the HIV-Specific Protease Inhibitor Ritonavir. Pediatrics 101 : e7-e7 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mueller, B. U., Nelson Jr, R. P., Sleasman, J., Zuckerman, J., Heath-Chiozzi, M., Steinberg, S. M., Balis, F. M., Brouwers, P., Hsu, A., Saulis, R., Sei, S., Wood, L. V., Zeichner, S., Katz, T. T. K., Higham, C., Aker, D., Edgerly, M., Jarosinski, P., Serchuck, L., Whitcup, S. M., Pizzuti, D., Pizzo, P. A. (1998). A Phase I/II Study of the Protease Inhibitor Ritonavir in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Pediatrics 101: 335-343 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hammer, S. M., Squires, K. E., Hughes, M. D., Grimes, J. M., Demeter, L. M., Currier, J. S., Eron, J. J., Feinberg, J. E., Balfour, H. H., Deyton, L. R., Chodakewitz, J. A., Fischl, M. A., Phair, J. P., Pedneault, L., Nguyen, B.-Y., Cook, J. C., The AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team, (1997). A Controlled Trial of Two Nucleoside Analogues plus Indinavir in Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and CD4 Cell Counts of 200 per Cubic Millimeter or Less. NEJM 337: 725-733 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gulick, R. M., Mellors, J. W., Havlir, D., Eron, J. J., Gonzalez, C., McMahon, D., Richman, D. D., Valentine, F. T., Jonas, L., Meibohm, A., Emini, E. A., Chodakewitz, J. A., Deutsch, P., Holder, D., Schleif, W. A., Condra, J. H. (1997). Treatment with Indinavir, Zidovudine, and Lamivudine in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Prior Antiretroviral Therapy. NEJM 337: 734-739 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cato, A. III, Cao, G., Hsu, A., Cavanaugh, J., Leonard, J., Granneman, R. (1997). Evaluation of the Effect of Fluconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Ritonavir. Drug Metab. Dispos. 25: 1104-1106 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Denissen, J. F., Grabowski, B. A., Johnson, M. K., Buko, A. M., Kempf, D. J., Thomas, S. B., Surber, B. W. (1997). Metabolism And Disposition of the HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor Ritonavir (ABT-538) in Rats, Dogs, and Humans. Drug Metab. Dispos. 25: 489-489 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cohn, J. A. (1997). Recent advances: hiv infection–I. BMJ 314: 487-487 [Full Text]  
• Gallo, D., George, J. R., Fitchen, J. H., Goldstein, A. S., Hindahl, M. S. (1997). Evaluation of a System Using Oral Mucosal Transudate for HIV-1 Antibody Screening and Confirmatory Testing. JAMA 277: 254-258 [Abstract]  
• Chugh, S., Bird, R., Alexander, E. A., Leonard, J. M., Heath-Chiozzi, M. (1997). Ritonavir and Renal Failure. NEJM 336: 138-138 [Full Text]  
• Deeks, S. G., Smith, M., Holodniy, M., Kahn, J. O. (1997). HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors: A Review for Clinicians. JAMA 277: 145-153 [Abstract]  
• Kovacs, J. A., Vogel, S., Albert, J. M., Falloon, J., Davey, R. T., Walker, R. E., Polis, M. A., Spooner, K., Metcalf, J. A., Baseler, M., Fyfe, G., Lane, H. C., Dewar, R. J., Masur, H. (1996). Controlled Trial of Interleukin-2 Infusions in Patients Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. NEJM 335: 1350-1356 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hammer, S. M., Katzenstein, D. A., Hughes, M. D., Gundacker, H., Schooley, R. T., Haubrich, R. H., Henry, W. K., Lederman, M. M., Phair, J. P., Niu, M., Hirsch, M. S., Merigan, T. C., The AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 175 Study Tea, (1996). A Trial Comparing Nucleoside Monotherapy with Combination Therapy in HIV-Infected Adults with CD4 Cell Counts from 200 to 500 per Cubic Millimeter. NEJM 335: 1081-1090 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Carpenter, C. C. J., Fischl, M. A., Hammer, S. M., Hirsch, M. S., Jacobsen, D. M., Katzenstein, D. A., Montaner, J. S. G., Richman, D. D., Saag, M. S., Schooley, R. T., Thompson, M. A., Vella, S., Yeni, P. G., Volberding, P. A. (1996). Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in 1996: Recommendations of an International Panel. JAMA 276: 146-154 [Abstract]  
• Phillips, A. N. (1996). Response: HIV-2 and Natural Protection Against HIV-1 Infection. Science 272: 1961-1962  
• (1996). Ritonavir: A Potent Antiretroviral. AIDS Clin Care 1996: 4-4 [Full Text]  
• (1996). Ritonavir Studies Published. AIDS Clin Care 1996: 11-11 [Full Text]  
• (1995). RITONAVIR, AN HIV-1 PROTEASE INHIBITOR. JWatch General 1995: 2-2 [Full Text]  
• Merigan, T. C. (1995). A Quarter-Century of Antiviral Therapy. NEJM 333: 1704-1705 [Full Text]