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Screening for fetal Down's syndrome first became possible in the late 1960s, when the positive association between maternal age and the prevalence of Down's syndrome at birth was identified and a diagnostic test (amniocentesis and fetal karyotyping) became available. Until the 1980s, the screening test essentially was the question, "How old are you?" If the pregnant woman was, for example, 35 or older, she was offered counseling and diagnostic testing. In 1984, it was reported that fetal Down's syndrome was associated with reduced maternal levels of serum alpha-fetoprotein in the second trimester and that this reduction was independent of maternal
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