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Because the epistemologic basis of medicine is probabilistic, it is difficult for patients to give truly informed consent for a treatment. The patient seeks a factual answer to questions: "Will I get better?" "Will I have a complication?" The clinician offers a probability: "You have a 90 percent chance of getting better." So says philosopher and surgeon Miles Little. From this he deduces that better doctorpatient communication is essential if medicine is to be more satisfying to its customers, the patients, and that a humanistic education will lay the proper foundation for better communication.
This recommendation, which many physicians have
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