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Like the "great imposter," syphilis, in earlier times, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) challenges the clinician to develop a broad spectrum of clinical expertise. Over the past 10 years, a substantial body of knowledge has developed regarding neurologic involvement in HIV infection. Every level of neural organization is affected, including the brain (in encephalitis), spinal cord (in myelitis), peripheral nerves (in neuropathy), and muscles.
The complexity of the neural involvement in AIDS increases with the development of immunodeficiency during the course of the infection. Long-term immunodeficiency results in serious opportunistic infections that may be confused with primary neurologic HIV disease
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