FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 335:924-930 September 26, 1996 Number 13 Next

	Full Text PDF Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background There is no practical and reliable premortem test for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and the related transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Two proteins, designated 130 and 131, which have been detected in low concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, appear to be sensitive and specific markers for the disease. Attempts to identify these proteins, however, have been unsuccessful. We hypothesized that they may be present in the normal brain.

Methods We detected proteins 130 and 131 in normal human brain, partially sequenced their amino acids, and found that they matched the brain protein known as 14-3-3. We then developed a simple, rapid immunoassay for this protein and tested it in cerebrospinal fluid samples from 71 humans and 30 animals with spongiform encephalopathies and in control samples from 186 humans and 94 animals.

Results The immunoassay detected the 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid from 68 of the 71 patients with Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (96 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 92 to 99 percent). Among 94 patients with other dementias, the specificity was 96 percent. If one excludes the three patients with dementia who had had strokes within one month before testing, the specificity was 99 percent. The test was positive in 12 of 24 patients with viral encephalitis. In animals the sensitivity of the assay was 87 percent and the specificity was 99 percent.

Conclusions In patients with dementia, a positive immunoassay for the 14-3-3 brain protein in cerebrospinal fluid strongly supports a diagnosis of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. This finding, however, does not support the use of the test in patients without clinically evident dementia.

Source Information

From the Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (G.H., K.K., C.J.G.), and the Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena (K.H.L., M.G.H.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Gibbs at the Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, Basic Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, Bldg. 36, Rm. 4A05, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-4122, or to Dr. Harrington at Mailstop 139/74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

The 14-3-3 Brain Protein and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
Moussavian M., Potolicchio S., Jones R., Zerr I., Bodemer M., Weber T., Kenney K., Harrington M. G., Gibbs C. J.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1997; 336:873-875, Mar 20, 1997. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Yutzy, B., Holznagel, E., Coulibaly, C., Stuke, A., Hahmann, U., Deslys, J.-P., Hunsmann, G., Lower, J. (2007). Time-course studies of 14-3-3 protein isoforms in cerebrospinal fluid and brain of primates after oral or intracerebral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. J. Gen. Virol. 88: 3469-3478 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Felder-Puig, R., Scherzer, C., Baumgartner, M., Ortner, M., Aschenbrenner, C., Bieglmayer, C., Voigtlander, T., Panzer-Grumayer, E. R., Tissing, W. J.E., Koper, J. W., Steinberger, K., Nasel, C., Gadner, H., Topf, R., Dworzak, M. (2007). Glucocorticoids in the Treatment of Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Hodgkin's Disease: A Pilot Study on the Adverse Psychological Reactions and Possible Associations with Neurobiological, Endocrine, and Genetic Markers. Clin. Cancer Res. 13: 7093-7100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Webb, S., Lekishvili, T., Loeschner, C., Sellarajah, S., Prelli, F., Wisniewski, T., Gilbert, I. H., Brown, D. R. (2007). Mechanistic Insights into the Cure of Prion Disease by Novel Antiprion Compounds. J. Virol. 81: 10729-10741 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hesketh, S., Sassoon, J., Knight, R., Hopkins, J., Brown, D. R. (2007). Elevated manganese levels in blood and central nervous system occur before onset of clinical signs in scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J ANIM SCI 85: 1596-1609 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sanchez-Juan, P., Green, A., Ladogana, A., Cuadrado-Corrales, N., Saanchez-Valle, R., Mitrovaa, E., Stoeck, K., Sklaviadis, T., Kulczycki, J., Hess, K., Bodemer, M., Slivarichova, D., Saiz, A., Calero, M., Ingrosso, L., Knight, R., Janssens, A. C.J.W., van Duijn, C. M., Zerr, I. (2006). CSF tests in the differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.. Neurology 67: 637-643 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fujii, K., Tanabe, Y., Uchikawa, H., Kobayashi, K., Kubota, H., Takanashi, J.-i., Kohno, Y. (2006). 14-3-3 Protein Detection in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Influenza-Associated Encephalopathy. J Child Neurol 21: 562-565 [Abstract]  
• Biringer, R. G., Amato, H., Harrington, M. G., Fonteh, A. N., Riggins, J. N., Huhmer, A. F. R. (2006). Enhanced sequence coverage of proteins in human cerebrospinal fluid using multiple enzymatic digestion and linear ion trap LC-MS/MS. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 5: 144-153 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zanusso, G., Fiorini, M., Farinazzo, A., Gelati, M., Benedetti, M. D., Ferrari, S., Libera, A. D., Capaldi, S., Monaco, H. L., Rizzuto, N., Monaco, S. (2005). Phosphorylated 14-3-3{zeta} protein in the CSF of neuroleptic-treated patients. Neurology 64: 1618-1620 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Narang, H. K., Dagdanova, A., Xie, Z., Yang, Q., Chen, S. G. (2005). Sensitive Detection of Prion Protein in Human Urine. Exp. Biol. Med. 230: 343-349 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ashwath, M. L., DeArmond, S. J., Culclasure, T. (2005). Prion-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Arch Intern Med 165: 338-340 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shapiro, J. M., Shujaat, A., Wang, J., Chen, X. (2004). Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Presenting as Refractory Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus. J Intensive Care Med 19: 345-348 [Abstract]  
• Colucci, M, Roccatagliata, L, Capello, E, Narciso, E, Latronico, N, Tabaton, M, Mancardi, G L (2004). The 14-3-3 protein in multiple sclerosis: a marker of disease severity. Mult Scler 10: 477-481 [Abstract]  
• Castellani, R. J., Colucci, M., Xie, Z., Zou, W., Li, C., Parchi, P., Capellari, S., Pastore, M., Rahbar, M. H., Chen, S. G., Gambetti, P. (2004). Sensitivity of 14-3-3 protein test varies in subtypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 63: 436-442 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Satoh, J.-i., Yamamura, T., Arima, K. (2004). The 14-3-3 Protein {epsilon} Isoform Expressed in Reactive Astrocytes in Demyelinating Lesions of Multiple Sclerosis Binds to Vimentin and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Cultured Human Astrocytes. Am. J. Pathol. 165: 577-592 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Furukawa, H., Doh-ura, K., Okuwaki, R., Shirabe, S., Yamamoto, K., Udono, H., Ito, T., Katamine, S., Niwa, M. (2004). A Pitfall in Diagnosis of Human Prion Diseases Using Detection of Protease-resistant Prion Protein in Urine: CONTAMINATION WITH BACTERIAL OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 23661-23667 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dougherty, M. K., Morrison, D. K. (2004). Unlocking the code of 14-3-3. J. Cell Sci. 117: 1875-1884 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sastre-Garriga, J, Montalban, X (2003). APS and the brain. Lupus 12: 877-882 [Abstract]  
• Clark, C. M., Xie, S., Chittams, J., Ewbank, D., Peskind, E., Galasko, D., Morris, J. C., McKeel, D. W. Jr, Farlow, M., Weitlauf, S. L., Quinn, J., Kaye, J., Knopman, D., Arai, H., Doody, R. S., DeCarli, C., Leight, S., Lee, V. M.-Y., Trojanowski, J. Q. (2003). Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau and {beta}-Amyloid: How Well Do These Biomarkers Reflect Autopsy-Confirmed Dementia Diagnoses?. Arch Neurol 60: 1696-1702 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Van Everbroeck, B, Quoilin, S, Boons, J, Martin, J J, Cras, P (2003). A prospective study of CSF markers in 250 patients with possible Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74: 1210-1214 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Al Otaibi, S. F., Minassian, B. A., Ackerley, C. A., Logan, W. J., Weiss, S. (2003). Unusual Presentation of Lafora's Disease. J Child Neurol 18: 499-501 [Abstract]  
• Wadsworth, J. D., Hill, A. F, Beck, J. A, Collinge, J. (2003). Molecular and clinical classification of human prion disease. Br Med Bull 66: 241-254 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aksamit, A. J. (2003). Cerebrospinal Fluid 14-3-3 Protein: Variability of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Laboratory Standards, and Quantitation. Arch Neurol 60: 803-804 [Full Text]  
• Geschwind, M. D., Martindale, J., Miller, D., DeArmond, S. J., Uyehara-Lock, J., Gaskin, D., Kramer, J. H., Barbaro, N. M., Miller, B. L. (2003). Challenging the Clinical Utility of the 14-3-3 Protein for the Diagnosis of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Arch Neurol 60: 813-816 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hill, A. F., Joiner, S., Wadsworth, J. D. F., Sidle, K. C. L., Bell, J. E., Budka, H., Ironside, J. W., Collinge, J. (2003). Molecular classification of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Brain 126: 1333-1346 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zanusso, G., Ferrari, S., Cardone, F., Zampieri, P., Gelati, M., Fiorini, M., Farinazzo, A., Gardiman, M., Cavallaro, T., Bentivoglio, M., Righetti, P. G., Pocchiari, M., Rizzuto, N., Monaco, S. (2003). Detection of Pathologic Prion Protein in the Olfactory Epithelium in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. NEJM 348: 711-719 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Niewiadomska, M., Kulczycki, J., Wochnik-Dyjas, D., Szpak, G. M., Rakowicz, M., Lojkowska, W., Niedzielska, K., Inglot, E., Wi""clawska, M., Glazowski, C., Tarnowska-Dziduszko, E. (2002). Impairment of the Peripheral Nervous System in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Arch Neurol 59: 1430-1436 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Murata, T., Shiga, Y., Higano, S., Takahashi, S., Mugikura, S. (2002). Conspicuity and Evolution of Lesions in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease at Diffusion-Weighted Imaging. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23: 1164-1172 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Van Everbroeck, B, Green, A J E, Vanmechelen, E, Vanderstichele, H, Pals, P, Sanchez-Valle, R, Corrales, N C., Martin, J-J, Cras, P (2002). Phosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid as a marker for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 73: 79-81 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lim, G. T., Mendez, M. F., Bronstein, Y. L., Jouben-Steele, L., Vinters, H. V. (2002). Clinicopathologic Case Report: Akinetic Mutism With Findings of White Matter Hyperintensity. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 14: 214-221 [Full Text]  
• Mao-Draayer, Y., Braff, S. P., Nagle, K. J., Pendlebury, W., Penar, P. L., Shapiro, R. E. (2002). Emerging Patterns of Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23: 550-556 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Peoc'h, K., Beaudry, P., Laupretre, N., Laplanche, J.-L., Burkhard, P. R., Sanchez, J.-C., Landis, T., Hochstrasser, D. F. (2002). CSF detection of the 14-3-3 protein in unselected patients with dementia. Neurology 58: 509-510 [Full Text]  
• Otto, M., Wiltfang, J., Cepek, L., Neumann, M., Mollenhauer, B., Steinacker, P., Ciesielczyk, B., Schulz-Schaeffer, W., Kretzschmar, H. A., Poser, S. (2002). Tau protein and 14-3-3 protein in the differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 58: 192-197 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mittal, S., Farmer, P., Kalina, P., Kingsley, P. B., Halperin, J. (2002). Correlation of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Neuropathology in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Arch Neurol 59: 128-134 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Belay, E. D., Gambetti, P., Schonberger, L. B., Parchi, P., Lyon, D. R., Capellari, S., McQuiston, J. H., Bradley, K., Dowdle, G., Crutcher, J. M., Nichols, C. R. (2001). Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Unusually Young Patients Who Consumed Venison. Arch Neurol 58: 1673-1678 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aksamit, A. J. Jr., Preissner, C. M., Homburger, H. A. (2001). Quantitation of 14-3-3 and neuron-specific enolase proteins in CSF in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 57: 728-730 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Burkhard, P. R., Sanchez PhD, J.-C., Landis, T., Hochstrasser, D. F. (2001). CSF detection of the 14-3-3 protein in unselected patients with dementia. Neurology 56: 1528-1533 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Green, A J E, Thompson, E J, Stewart, G E, Zeidler, M, McKenzie, J M, MacLeod, M-A, Ironside, J W, Will, R G, Knight, R S G (2001). Use of 14-3-3 and other brain-specific proteins in CSF in the diagnosis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 70: 744-748 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Knopman, D. S., DeKosky, S. T., Cummings, J. L., Chui, H., Corey-Bloom, J., Relkin, N., Small, G. W., Miller, B., Stevens, J. C. (2001). Practice parameter: Diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 56: 1143-1153 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Green, A. J. E., Knight, R. S. G., Macleod, M. A., Lowman, A., Will, R. G., Chapman, T., McKeel, D. W. Jr., Morris, J. C. (2001). Misleading results with the 14-3-3 assay for the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 56: 986-987 [Full Text]  
• Schroter, A., Zerr, I., Henkel, K., Tschampa, H. J., Finkenstaedt, M., Poser, S. (2000). Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Clinical Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Arch Neurol 57: 1751-1757 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chapman, T., McKeel, D. W. Jr., Morris, J. C. (2000). Misleading results with the 14-3-3 assay for the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 55: 1396-1398 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Haik, S., Brandel, J. P., Sazdovitch, V., Delasnerie-Laupretre, N., Peoc'h, K., Laplanche, J.-L., Privat, N., Duyckaerts, C., Kemeny, J. L., Kopp, N., Laquerriere, A., Mohr, M., Deslys, J. P., Dormont, D., Hauw, J. J. (2000). Dementia with Lewy bodies in a neuropathologic series of suspected Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 55: 1401-1404 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Miller, R F, Green, A J E, Giovannoni, G, Thompson, E J (2000). Detection of 14-3-3 brain protein in cerebrospinal fluid of HIV infected patients. Sex. Transm. Infect. 76: 408-408 [Full Text]  
• Zerr, I., Pocchiari, M., Collins, S., Brandel, J. P., de Pedro Cuesta, J., Knight, R. S. G., Bernheimer, H., Cardone, F., Delasnerie-Laupretre, N., Cuadrado Corrales, N., Ladogana, A., Bodemer, M., Fletcher, A., Awan, T., Ruiz Bremon, A., Budka, H., Laplanche, J. L., Will, R. G., Poser, S. (2000). Analysis of EEG and CSF 14-3-3 proteins as aids to the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 55: 811-815 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lemstra, A. W., van Meegen, M. T., Vreyling, J.P, Meijerink, P. H. S., Jansen, G. H., Bulk, S., Baas, F., van Gool, W. A. (2000). 14-3-3 testing in diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: A prospective study in 112 patients. Neurology 55: 514-516 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Butefisch, C. M., Gambetti, P., Cervenakova, L., Park, K.-Y., Hallett, M., Goldfarb, L. G. (2000). Inherited prion encephalopathy associated with the novel PRNP H187R mutation: A clinical study. Neurology 55: 517-522 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Collins, S., Boyd, A., Fletcher, A., Byron, K., Harper, C., McLean, C. A., Masters, C. L. (2000). Novel Prion Protein Gene Mutation in an Octogenarian With Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Arch Neurol 57: 1058-1063 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Adams, J., Carder, P. J., Downey, S., Forbes, M. A., MacLennan, K., Allgar, V., Kaufman, S., Hallam, S., Bicknell, R., Walker, J. J., Cairnduff, F., Selby, P. J., Perren, T. J., Lansdown, M., Banks, R. E. (2000). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Breast Cancer: Comparison of Plasma, Serum, and Tissue VEGF and Microvessel Density and Effects of Tamoxifen. Cancer Res. 60: 2898-2905 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Otto, M., Esselmann, H., Schulz-Schaeffer, W., Neumann, M., Schroter, A., Ratzka, P., Cepek, L., Zerr, I., Steinacker, P., Windl, O., Kornhuber, J., Kretzschmar, H. A., Poser, S., Wiltfang, J. (2000). Decreased {beta}-amyloid1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 54: 1099-1102 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zeidler, M., Green, A. J.E., Zerr, I., Shinobu, L. A. (2000). Case 28-1999: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. NEJM 342: 292-293 [Full Text]  
• Lendvai, I., Saravay, S. M., Steinberg, M. D. (1999). Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Presenting as Secondary Mania. Psychosomatics 40: 524-525 [Full Text]  
• Poser, S., Mollenhauer, B., Krau{beta}, A., Zerr, I., Steinhoff, B. J., Schroeter, A., Finkenstaedt, M., Schulz-Schaeffer, W. J., Kretzschmar, H. A., Felgenhauer, K. (1999). How to improve the clinical diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Brain 122: 2345-2351 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Worrall, B. B., Rowland, L. P., Del Bene, M., Leung, D., Chin, S. S.-M. (1999). Mother With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Daughter With Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Arch Neurol 56: 1502-1504 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Takahashi, H., Iwata, T., Kitagawa, Y., Takahashi, R. H., Sato, Y., Wakabayashi, H., Takashima, M., Kido, H., Nagashima, K., Kenney, K., Gibbs, C. J. Jr., Kurata, T. (1999). Increased Levels of varepsilon and gamma Isoforms of 14-3-3 Proteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. CVI 6: 983-985 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Samman, I., Schulz-Schaeffer, W J, Wöhrle, J C, Sommer, A, Kretzschmar, H A, Hennerici, M (1999). Clinical range and MRI in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with heterozygosity at codon 129 and prion protein type 2. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 67: 678-681 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bronstein, Y. L., Mendez, M. F., Vinters, H. V. (1999). Clinicopathologic Case Report: Rapidly Progressive Dementia With Demyelinating Polyneuropathy. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 11: 507-513 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tan, L., Williams, M. A., Khan, M. K., Champion, H. C., Nielsen, N. H., for the Council on Scientific Affairs, American Me, (1999). Risk of Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Humans in the United States: Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 281: 2330-2339 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bahn, M. M., Parchi, P. (1999). Abnormal Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Images in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Arch Neurol 56: 577-583 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Seipelt, M, Zerr, I, Nau, R, Mollenhauer, B, Kropp, S, Steinhoff, B J, Wilhelm-Gössling, C, Bamberg, C, Janzen, R W C, Berlit, P, Manz, F, Felgenhauer, K, Poser, S (1999). Hashimoto's encephalitis as a differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 66: 172-176 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kropp, S., Schulz-Schaeffer, W. J., Finkenstaedt, M., Riedemann, C., Windl, O., Steinhoff, B. J., Zerr, I., Kretzschmar, H. A., Poser, S. (1999). The Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Arch Neurol 56: 55-61 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Johnson, R. T., Gibbs, C. J. (1998). Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Related Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. NEJM 339: 1994-2004 [Full Text]  
• BRECHER, K., STOPA, E. G, KENNEY, K. (1998). Concurrent herpes simplex virus encephalitis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 64: 418a-419 [Full Text]  
• Otto, M., Wiltfang, J., Schütz, E., Zerr, I., Otto, A., Pfahlberg, A., Gefeller, O., Uhr, M., Giese, A., Weber, T., Kretzschmar, H. A, Poser, S. (1998). Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by measurement of S100 protein in serum: prospective case-control study. BMJ 316: 577-582 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Scott, M. R., Safar, J., Telling, G., Nguyen, O., Groth, D., Torchia, M., Koehler, R., Tremblay, P., Walther, D., Cohen, F. E., DeArmond, S. J., Prusiner, S. B. (1997). Identification of a prion protein epitope modulating transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 14279-14284 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Haywood, A. M. (1997). Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. NEJM 337: 1821-1828 [Full Text]  
• Banik, U., Wang, G.-A., Wagner, P. D., Kaufman, S. (1997). Interaction of Phosphorylated Tryptophan Hydroxylase with 14-3-3 Proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 26219-26225 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Prusiner, S. B. (1997). Prion Diseases and the BSE Crisis. Science 278: 245-251 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• WHITTLE, I. R, WILL, R. G, IRONSIDE, J. W (1997). Brain biopsy and patients with atypical presentations of sporadic Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 63: 547a-548 [Full Text]  
• MacGowan, D J L, Delanty, N, Petito, F, Edgar, M, Mastrianni, J, DeArmond, S J (1997). Isolated myoclonic alien hand as the sole presentation of pathologically established Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a report of two patients. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 63: 404-407 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Moussavian, M., Potolicchio, S., Jones, R., Zerr, I., Bodemer, M., Weber, T., Kenney, K., Harrington, M. G., Gibbs, C. J. (1997). The 14-3-3 Brain Protein and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy. NEJM 336: 873-875 [Full Text]  
• Will, R., Zeidler, M. (1996). Diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. BMJ 313: 833-834 [Full Text]  
• Collinge, J. (1996). New Diagnostic Tests for Prion Diseases. NEJM 335: 963-965 [Full Text]  
• Shaked, G. M., Shaked, Y., Kariv-Inbal, Z., Halimi, M., Avraham, I., Gabizon, R. (2001). A Protease-resistant Prion Protein Isoform Is Present in Urine of Animals and Humans Affected with Prion Diseases. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 31479-31482 [Abstract] [Full Text]