All proteins in mammalian cells are continually being degradedand replaced. In the cytosol, nucleus, and organelles, individualproteins are degraded at widely differing rates; some cytosolicenzymes have half-lives as short as 10 minutes, whereas otherslast for days. The average rate of protein turnover also variesamong tissues; the majority of proteins in rat hepatocytes arereplaced every few days, whereas those in muscle or brain cellsare replaced every one to two weeks. The amount of intracellularprotein turned over each day is quite large. In a normal 70-kgadult, about 280 g of protein is synthesized . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Intracellular Protein Degradation
Lysosomal Protein Degradation
The Ubiquitin–Proteasome Pathway
Muscle-Protein Degradation
The Ubiquitin–Proteasome Pathway in Catabolic States
Biochemical Adaptations That Activate Muscle Proteolysis
Cytokines and Hormones That Activate Muscle Proteolysis
Factors That Suppress Muscle Proteolysis
Future Treatment Prospects
Source Information
From the Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (W.E.M.), and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.L.G.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Mitch at the Renal Division, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322.
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