1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutelyessential.
This means that the person involved should have legal capacityto give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercisefree power of choice, without the intervention of any elementof force, fraud, deceit, duress, overreaching, or other ulteriorform of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledgeand comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involvedas to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision.This latter element requires that before the acceptance of anaffirmative decision by the experimental subject . . . [Full Text of this Article]
The Doctors' Trial
Leo Alexander
Werner Leibbrand
Andrew Ivy
Medical Ethics and Human Rights
50 Years after Nuremberg
Source Information
From the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, where reprint requests should be addressed to Dr. Shuster.
Luce, J. M.
(2009). Informed Consent for Clinical Research Involving Patients With Chest Disease in the United States. Chest
135: 1061-1068
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hoeyer, K.
(2009). Informed Consent: The Making of a Ubiquitous Rule in Medical Practice. Organization
16: 267-288
[Abstract]
Berger, O., Gronberg, B. H., Sand, K., Kaasa, S., Loge, J. H.
(2009). The length of consent documents in oncological trials is doubled in twenty years. Ann Oncol
20: 379-385
[Abstract][Full Text]
Glantz, L., Roche, P., Annas, G. J.
(2008). Rules for Donations to Tissue Banks -- What Next?. NEJM
358: 298-303
[Full Text]
Carrese, J. A., Sugarman, J.
(2006). The Inescapable Relevance of Bioethics for the Practicing Clinician. Chest
130: 1864-1872
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hayes, D., Devaney, J.
(2004). Accessing Social Work Case Files for Research Purposes: Some Issues and Problems. Qualitative Social Work
3: 313-333
[Abstract]
Coppolino, M., Ackerson, L.
(2001). Do Surrogate Decision Makers Provide Accurate Consent for Intensive Care Research?. Chest
119: 603-612
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ashburn, T. T., Wilson, S. K., Eisenstein, B. I.
(2000). Human Tissue Research in the Genomic Era of Medicine: Balancing Individual and Societal Interests. Arch Intern Med
160: 3377-3384
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yaksh, T., Birnbach, D. J.
(2000). Intrathecal Nalbuphine After Cesarean Delivery: Are We Ready?. Anesth. Analg.
91: 505-508
[Full Text]
Annas, G. J.
(2000). Ulysses and the Fate of Frozen Embryos -- Reproduction, Research, or Destruction?. NEJM
343: 373-376
[Full Text]
Annas, G. J.
(2000). Rules for Research on Human Genetic Variation -- Lessons from Iceland. NEJM
342: 1830-1833
[Full Text]
White, R. M.
(2000). Unraveling the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis. Arch Intern Med
160: 585-598
[Full Text]
Sobel, M. E.
(2000). New Challenges for Biomedical Research Utilizing Human Biological Materials. J. Mol. Diagn.
2: 1-4
[Full Text]
Kagarise, M. J., Sheldon, G. F.
(2000). Translational Ethics: A Perspective for the New Millennium. Arch Surg
135: 39-45
[Abstract][Full Text]
Woodward, B.
(1999). Challenges to Human Subject Protections in US Medical Research. JAMA
282: 1947-1952
[Abstract][Full Text]
Herrmann, V. M.
(1999). Nutrition Support: Ethical or Expedient, and Who Will Choose?. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
23: 195-202
Truog, R. D., Robinson, W., Randolph, A., Morris, A.
(1999). Is Informed Consent Always Necessary for Randomized, Controlled Trials?. NEJM
340: 804-807
[Full Text]
Knopman, D., Kahn, J., Miles, S.
(1998). Clinical Research Designs for Emerging Treatments for Alzheimer Disease: Moving Beyond Placebo-Controlled Trials. Arch Neurol
55: 1425-1429
[Abstract][Full Text]
Harkness, J. M., Shuster, E.
(1998). The Significance of the Nuremberg Code. NEJM
338: 995-996
[Full Text]