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The development and understanding of hormone physiology and its disturbances were initially based on bioassays, but from the mid-1960s the increasing accuracy of immunoassays heralded numerous rapid advances. The steroid era gave way to the peptide period, with the ability to test and understand complex features of hormonal interactions, such as feedback mechanisms, responses to physical signals in the internal and external environments, and the influences of endocrine changes on the mind and body. These advances were the foundation for the new knowledge of the pathophysiology of endocrine diseases and many of the physical manifestations of stressful experiences and primary
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