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During the past two decades, our knowledge of the pathogenesis of cancer has progressed from the unidimensional notion of cancer-causing, dominant mutations that accelerate growth (oncogenes) to a complex picture involving growth inhibition (tumor suppressors, or gatekeepers), programmed cell death (apoptosis genes), and more recently, elements that control the stability of DNA and chromosomes (caretakers). With each of these discoveries has come the opportunity for improved diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, the first generation of therapeutic products based on these insights is now entering clinical trials. Our understanding is at such a level of sophistication that for patients with a genetic
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