Background Pilot studies indicate that probe-guided resectionof radioactive sentinel nodes (the first nodes that receivedrainage from tumors) can identify regional metastases in patientswith breast cancer. To confirm this finding, we conducted amulticenter study of the method as used by 11 surgeons in avariety of practice settings.
Methods We enrolled 443 patients with breast cancer. The techniqueinvolved the injection of 4 ml of technetium-99m sulfur colloid(1 mCi [37 MBq]) into the breast around the tumor or biopsycavity. "Hot spots" representing underlying sentinel nodes wereidentified with a gamma probe. Sentinel nodes subjacent to hotspots were removed. All patients underwent a complete axillarylymphadenectomy.
Results The overall rate of identification of hot spots was93 percent (in 413 of 443 patients). The pathological statusof the sentinel nodes was compared with that of the remainingaxillary nodes. The accuracy of the sentinel nodes with respectto the positive or negative status of the axillary nodes was97 percent (392 of 405); the specificity of the method was 100percent, the positive predictive value was 100 percent, thenegative predictive value was 96 percent (291 of 304), and thesensitivity was 89 percent (101 of 114). The sentinel nodeswere outside the axilla in 8 percent of cases and outside oflevel 1 nodes in 11 percent of cases. Three percent of positivesentinel nodes were in nonaxillary locations.
Conclusions Biopsy of sentinel nodes can predict the presenceor absence of axillary-node metastases in patients with breastcancer. However, the procedure can be technically challenging,and the success rate varies according to the surgeon and thecharacteristics of the patient.
Source Information
From the Cancer Center (D.K.) and the Departments of Surgery (D.K., S.H.), Pathology (D.W.), and Biometry (T.A.), University of Vermont, Burlington; the Sylvester Cancer Center, Miami (F.M.); the Arkansas Cancer Research Center, Little Rock (V.S.K.); Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C. (C.S.); Benedictine Hospital, Kingston, N.Y. (S.F.); Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, W.V. (R.K.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.G.); Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas (J.K.); and St. Paul Hospital, Dallas (P.B.). Other authors were Pat Whitworth, Jr., M.D., Nashville Surgical Associates, Nashville; Roger Foster, Jr., M.D., Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta; and Kambiz Dowlatshahi, M.D., Rush–Presbyterian–St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago.The views expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute, the federal government, or the Department of Defense.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Krag at Given Bldg. E309, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.
Sentinel-Lymph-Node Biopsy
Schillaci O., Scopinaro F., Abramson L. R., Retsas S., Krag D. N., Moffat F. L., Ashikaga T., McMasters K. M., Edwards M. J., Ross M. I.
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N Engl J Med 1999;
340:317-319, Jan 28, 1999.
Correspondence
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10: 740-747
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hoorntje, L. E., Schipper, M. E. I., Peeters, P. H. M., Bellot, F., Storm, R. K., Borel Rinkes, I. H. M.
(2003). The Finding of Invasive Cancer After a Preoperative Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma-In-Situ: Causes of Ductal Carcinoma-In-Situ Underestimates With Stereotactic 14-Gauge Needle Biopsy. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
10: 748-753
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Balch, G. C., Mithani, S. K., Richards, K. R., Beauchamp, R. D., Kelley, M. C.
(2003). Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymphadenectomy After Preoperative Therapy for Stage II and III Breast Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
10: 616-621
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Nos, C., Freneaux, P., Louis-Sylvestre, C., Hurren, J. S., Heitz, D., Sastre-Garau, X., Clough, K. B.
(2003). Macroscopic Quality Control Improves the Reliability of Blue Dye-Only Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
10: 525-530
[Abstract][Full Text]
Badgwell, B. D., Povoski, S. P., Abdessalam, S. F., Young, D. C., Farrar, W. B., Walker, M. J., Yee, L. D., Zervos, E. E., Carson, W. E. III, Burak, W. E. Jr
(2003). Patterns of Recurrence After Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
10: 376-380
[Abstract][Full Text]
Blanchard, D. K., Donohue, J. H., Reynolds, C., Grant, C. S.
(2003). Relapse and Morbidity in Patients Undergoing Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Alone or With Axillary Dissection for Breast Cancer. Arch Surg
138: 482-488
[Abstract][Full Text]
Porter, G. A., McMulkin, H., Lovrics, P. J.
(2003). Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer: Canadian Practice Patterns. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
10: 255-260
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El-Tamer, M., Saouaf, R., Wang, T., Fawwaz, R.
(2003). A New Agent, Blue and Radioactive, for Sentinel Node Detection. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
10: 323-329
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fant, J. S., Grant, M. D., Knox, S. M., Livingston, S. A., Ridl, K., Jones, R. C., Kuhn, J. A.
(2003). Preliminary Outcome Analysis in Patients With Breast Cancer and a Positive Sentinel Lymph Node Who Declined Axillary Dissection. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
10: 126-130
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Koizumi, M., Makita, M., Yoshimoto, M., Kasumi, F., Sakamoto, G., Ogata, E.
(2002). Indications for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients with Breast Cancer: Retrospective and Simulation Analyses. Jpn J Clin Oncol
32: 517-524
[Abstract][Full Text]
Galimberti, V., Veronesi, P., Arnone, P., De Cicco, C., Renne, G., Intra, M., Zurrida, S., Sacchini, V., Gennari, R., Vento, A., Luini, A., Veronesi, U.
(2002). Stage Migration After Biopsy of Internal Mammary Chain Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer Patients. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
9: 924-928
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Swenson, K. K., Nissen, M. J., Ceronsky, C., Swenson, L., Lee, M. W., Tuttle, T. M.
(2002). Comparison of Side Effects Between Sentinel Lymph Node and Axillary Lymph Node Dissection for Breast Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
9: 745-753
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Sato, K., Tamaki, K., Shigekawa, T., Tsuda, H., Kosuda, S., Kusano, S., Hiraide, H., Mochizuki, H.
(2002). Clinically Useful Detection Criteria for Sentinel Nodes in Patients with Breast Cancer Using a Radioisotope Technique. Jpn J Clin Oncol
32: 403-406
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Bonnema, J., van de Velde, C. J. H.
(2002). Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. Ann Oncol
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Schmidt, F. E., Woltering, E. A., Webb, W. R., Garcia, O. M., Cohen, J. E., Rozans, M. H.
(2002). Sentinel nodal assessment in patients with carcinoma of the lung. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
74: 870-875
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Stefanutto, T. B., Shapiro, W. A., Wright, P. M. C.
(2002). Anaphylactic reaction to isosulphan blue. Br J Anaesth
89: 527-528
[Full Text]
Morrow, M., Strom, E. A., Bassett, L. W., Dershaw, D. D., Fowble, B., Giuliano, A., Harris, J. R., O'Malley, F., Schnitt, S. J., Singletary, S. E., Winchester, D. P.
(2002). Standard for Breast Conservation Therapy in the Management of Invasive Breast Carcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin
52: 277-300
[Abstract][Full Text]
Meric, F., Buchholz, T. A., Mirza, N. Q., Vlastos, G., Ames, F. C., Ross, M. I., Pollock, R. E., Singletary, S. E., Feig, B. W., Kuerer, H. M., Newman, L. A., Perkins, G. H., Strom, E. A., McNeese, M. D., Hortobagyi, G. N., Hunt, K. K.
(2002). Long-Term Complications Associated With Breast-Conservation Surgery and Radiotherapy. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
9: 543-549
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Quan, M. L., McCready, D., Temple, W. J., McKinnon, J. G.
(2002). Biology of Lymphatic Metastases in Breast Cancer: Lessons Learned From Sentinel Node Biopsy. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
9: 467-471
[Abstract][Full Text]
Henry-Tillman, R. S., Korourian, S., Rubio, I. T., Johnson, A. T., Mancino, A. T., Massol, N., Smith, L. F., Westbrook, K. C., Klimberg, V. S.
(2002). Intraoperative Touch Preparation for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: A 4-Year Experience. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
9: 333-339
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Chen, M., Palleschi, S., Khoynezhad, A., Gecelter, G., Marini, C. P., Simms, H. H.
(2002). Role of Primary Breast Cancer Characteristics in Predicting Positive Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Results: A Multivariate Analysis. Arch Surg
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Stearns, V., Ewing, C. A., Slack, R., Penannen, M. F., Hayes, D. F., Tsangaris, T. N.
(2002). Sentinel Lymphadenectomy After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer May Reliably Represent the Axilla Except for Inflammatory Breast Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
9: 235-242
[Abstract][Full Text]
Miller, A. R., Thomason, V. E., Yeh, I-T., Alrahwan, A., Sharkey, F. E., Stauffer, J., Otto, P. M., McKay, C., Kahlenberg, M. S., Phillips, W. T., Cruz, A. B. Jr
(2002). Analysis of Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping With Immediate Pathologic Review in Patients Receiving Preoperative Chemotherapy for Breast Carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol.
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[Abstract][Full Text]
