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Throughout the history of modern medicine, knowledge of microbiology has underpinned our understanding of diseases and our strategies for treating them. The emergence of AIDS over the past 15 years has underlined the fact that infectious diseases remain a major threat, and today they account for one third of deaths worldwide. Even in developed countries such as the United States, the prevalence of infectious disease in general is rising, mainly because of AIDS and nosocomial infections. I estimate that more than 100 new pathogens have been identified in the past 200 years. New pathogens continue to be identified, occasionally in
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