Background The causes of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus andgastric cardia are poorly understood. We conducted an epidemiologicinvestigation of the possible association between gastroesophagealreflux and these tumors.
Methods We performed a nationwide, population-based, case–controlstudy in Sweden. Case ascertainment was rapid, and all caseswere classified uniformly. Information on the subjects' historyof gastroesophageal reflux was collected in personal interviews.The odds ratios were calculated by logistic regression, withmultivariate adjustment for potentially confounding variables.
Results Of the patients interviewed, the 189 with esophagealadenocarcinoma and the 262 with adenocarcinoma of the cardiaconstituted 85 percent of the 529 patients in Sweden who wereeligible for the study during the period from 1995 through 1997.For comparison, we interviewed 820 control subjects from thegeneral population and 167 patients with esophageal squamous-cellcarcinoma. Among persons with recurrent symptoms of reflux,as compared with persons without such symptoms, the odds ratioswere 7.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 5.3 to 11.4) for esophagealadenocarcinoma and 2.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4to 2.9) for adenocarcinoma of the cardia. The more frequent,more severe, and longer-lasting the symptoms of reflux, thegreater the risk. Among persons with long-standing and severesymptoms of reflux, the odds ratios were 43.5 (95 percent confidenceinterval, 18.3 to 103.5) for esophageal adenocarcinoma and 4.4(95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 11.0) for adenocarcinomaof the cardia. The risk of esophageal squamous-cell carcinomawas not associated with reflux (odds ratio, 1.1; 95 percentconfidence interval, 0.7 to 1.9).
Conclusions There is a strong and probably causal relation betweengastroesophageal reflux and esophageal adenocarcinoma. The relationbetween reflux and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia is relativelyweak.
Source Information
From the Department of Medical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (J.L., R.B., O.N.); the Department of Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm (J.L.); the Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, Uppsala (R.B.); and the Department of Pathology, Falu Hospital, Falun (A.L.) — all in Sweden.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Lagergren at the Department of Medical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institute, Box 281, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, or at jesper.lagergren{at}mep.ki.se.
Rubenstein, J H, Kao, J Y, Madanick, R D, Zhang, M, Wang, M, Spacek, M B, Donovan, J L, Bright, S D, Shaheen, N J
(2009). Association of adiponectin multimers with Barrett's oesophagus. Gut
58: 1583-1589
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yang, H., Gu, J., Wang, K. K., Zhang, W., Xing, J., Chen, Z., Ajani, J. A., Wu, X.
(2009). MicroRNA Expression Signatures in Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.
15: 5744-5752
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clarke, A T, Wirz, A A, Seenan, J P, Manning, J J, Gillen, D, McColl, K E L
(2009). Paradox of gastric cardia: it becomes more acidic following meals while the rest of stomach becomes less acidic. Gut
58: 904-909
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pan, J., Lin, J., Izzo, J. G., Liu, Y., Xing, J., Huang, M., Ajani, J. A., Wu, X.
(2009). Genetic susceptibility to esophageal cancer: the role of the nucleotide excision repair pathway. Carcinogenesis
30: 785-792
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bradbury, P. A., Zhai, R., Hopkins, J., Kulke, M. H., Heist, R. S., Singh, S., Zhou, W., Ma, C., Xu, W., Asomaning, K., Ter-Minassian, M., Wang, Z., Su, L., Christiani, D. C., Liu, G.
(2009). Matrix metalloproteinase 1, 3 and 12 polymorphisms and esophageal adenocarcinoma risk and prognosis. Carcinogenesis
30: 793-798
[Abstract][Full Text]
Djarv, T., Blazeby, J. M., Lagergren, P.
(2009). Predictors of Postoperative Quality of Life After Esophagectomy for Cancer. JCO
27: 1963-1968
[Abstract][Full Text]
Eldaif, S. M., Lin, E., Singh, K. A., Force, S. D., Miller, D. L.
(2009). Radiofrequency ablation of Barrett's esophagus: short-term results.. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
87: 405-410
[Abstract][Full Text]
Duan, L., Wu, A. H., Sullivan-Halley, J., Bernstein, L.
(2009). Antacid Drug Use and Risk of Esophageal and Gastric Adenocarcinomas in Los Angeles County. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
18: 526-533
[Abstract][Full Text]
Derakhshan, M H, Liptrot, S, Paul, J, Brown, I L, Morrison, D, McColl, K E L
(2009). Oesophageal and gastric intestinal-type adenocarcinomas show the same male predominance due to a 17 year delayed development in females. Gut
58: 16-23
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dundon, J. M., Davis, S. S., Hazey, J. W., Narula, V., Muscarella, P., Melvin, W. S.
(2008). Radiofrequency Energy Delivery to the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (Stretta Procedure) Does Not Provide Long-term Symptom Control. SURG INNOV
15: 297-301
[Abstract]
Casson, A. G., Madani, K., Mann, S., Zhao, R., Reeder, B., Lim, H. J.
(2008). Does previous fundoplication alter the surgical approach to esophageal adenocarcinoma?. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.
34: 1097-1102
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kahrilas, P. J.
(2008). Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. NEJM
359: 1700-1707
[Full Text]
Blaser, M. J.
(2008). Disappearing Microbiota: Helicobacter pylori Protection against Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Prevention Research
1: 308-311
[Full Text]
Islami, F., Kamangar, F.
(2008). Helicobacter pylori and Esophageal Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis. Cancer Prevention Research
1: 329-338
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zagari, R M, Fuccio, L, Wallander, M-A, Johansson, S, Fiocca, R, Casanova, S, Farahmand, B Y, Winchester, C C, Roda, E, Bazzoli, F
(2008). Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms, oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus in the general population: the Loiano-Monghidoro study. Gut
57: 1354-1359
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jacobson, B. C., Moy, B., Colditz, G. A., Fuchs, C. S.
(2008). Postmenopausal Hormone Use and Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux. Arch Intern Med
168: 1798-1804
[Abstract][Full Text]
Smith, M. S., Lightdale, C. J.
(2008). Review: Barrett's esophagus and the increasing role of endoluminal therapy. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology
1: 121-142
[Abstract]
Leedham, S J, Preston, S L, McDonald, S A C, Elia, G, Bhandari, P, Poller, D, Harrison, R, Novelli, M R, Jankowski, J A, Wright, N A
(2008). Individual crypt genetic heterogeneity and the origin of metaplastic glandular epithelium in human Barrett's oesophagus. Gut
57: 1041-1048
[Abstract][Full Text]
Abrams, J. A.
(2008). Review: Chemoprevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology
1: 7-18
[Abstract]
Babu, A., Meng, X., Banerjee, A. M., Gamboni-Robertson, F., Cleveland, J. C., Damle, S., Fullerton, D. A., Weyant, M. J.
(2008). Secretory phospholipase A(2) is required to produce histologic changes associated with gastroduodenal reflux in a murine model.. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
135: 1220-1227
[Abstract][Full Text]
Corley, D A, Kubo, A, Levin, T R, Block, G, Habel, L, Zhao, W, Leighton, P, Rumore, G, Quesenberry, C, Buffler, P, Parsonnet, J
(2008). Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of Barrett's oesophagus: a community-based study. Gut
57: 727-733
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sadeghi, S., Bain, C. J., Pandeya, N., Webb, P. M., Green, A. C., Whiteman, D. C., for the Australian Cancer Study,
(2008). Aspirin, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, and the Risks of Cancers of the Esophagus. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
17: 1169-1178
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kendall, B J, Macdonald, G A, Hayward, N K, Prins, J B, Brown, I, Walker, N, Pandeya, N, Green, A C, Webb, P M, Whiteman, D C, for the Study of Digestive Health,
(2008). Leptin and the risk of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut
57: 448-454
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kubo, A., Levin, T. R., Block, G., Rumore, G. J., Quesenberry, C. P. Jr, Buffler, P., Corley, D. A.
(2008). Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Barrett's Esophagus. Am J Epidemiol
167: 839-846
[Abstract][Full Text]
Derakhshan, M H, Malekzadeh, R, Watabe, H, Yazdanbod, A, Fyfe, V, Kazemi, A, Rakhshani, N, Didevar, R, Sotoudeh, M, Zolfeghari, A A, McColl, K E L
(2008). Combination of gastric atrophy, reflux symptoms and histological subtype indicates two distinct aetiologies of gastric cardia cancer. Gut
57: 298-305
[Abstract][Full Text]
Corley, D. A., Kubo, A., Zhao, W.
(2008). Abdominal Obesity and the Risk of Esophageal and Gastric Cardia Carcinomas. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
17: 352-358
[Abstract][Full Text]
Feber, A., Xi, L., Luketich, J. D., Pennathur, A., Landreneau, R. J., Wu, M., Swanson, S. J., Godfrey, T. E., Litle, V. R.
(2008). MicroRNA expression profiles of esophageal cancer.. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
135: 255-260
[Abstract][Full Text]
Whiteman, D C, Sadeghi, S, Pandeya, N, Smithers, B M, Gotley, D C, Bain, C J, Webb, P M, Green, A C, for the Australian Cancer Study,
(2008). Combined effects of obesity, acid reflux and smoking on the risk of adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus. Gut
57: 173-180
[Abstract][Full Text]
Si, J., Behar, J., Wands, J., Beer, D. G., Lambeth, D., Eugene Chin, Y., Cao, W.
(2008). STAT5 mediates PAF-induced NADPH oxidase NOX5-S expression in Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.
294: G174-G183
[Abstract][Full Text]
Song, S., Guha, S., Liu, K., Buttar, N. S, Bresalier, R. S
(2007). COX-2 induction by unconjugated bile acids involves reactive oxygen species-mediated signalling pathways in Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gut
56: 1512-1521
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lenglinger, J., Eisler, M., Riegler, M., Hansen, S., Vollset, S. E., Derakhshan, M. H, McColl, K. E L
(2007). Single aetiology and dual associations of cardiac cancer * Authors' reply. Gut
56: 1484-1485
[Full Text]
Zhang, H.-Y., Zhang, X., Hormi-Carver, K., Feagins, L. A., Spechler, S. J., Souza, R. F.
(2007). In Non-neoplastic Barrett's Epithelial Cells, Acid Exerts Early Antiproliferative Effects through Activation of the Chk2 Pathway. Cancer Res.
67: 8580-8587
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lagergren, J.
(2007). Body measures in relation to gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gut
56: 741-742
[Full Text]
Oh, D. S., DeMeester, S. R., Vallbohmer, D., Mori, R., Kuramochi, H., Hagen, J. A., Lipham, J., Danenberg, K. D., Danenberg, P. V., Chandrasoma, P., DeMeester, T. R.
(2007). Reduction of Interleukin 8 Gene Expression in Reflux Esophagitis and Barrett's Esophagus With Antireflux Surgery. Arch Surg
142: 554-560
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kempainen, R. R., Savik, K., Whelan, T. P., Dunitz, J. M., Herrington, C. S., Billings, J. L.
(2007). High Prevalence of Proximal and Distal Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Advanced COPD. Chest
131: 1666-1671
[Abstract][Full Text]
Si, J., Fu, X., Behar, J., Wands, J., Beer, D. G., Souza, R. F., Spechler, S. J., Lambeth, D., Cao, W.
(2007). NADPH Oxidase NOX5-S Mediates Acid-induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression via Activation of NF-{kappa}Bin Barrett's Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells. J. Biol. Chem.
282: 16244-16255
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bonde, P., Sui, G., Dhara, S., Wang, J., Broor, A., Kim, I. F., Wiley, J. E., Marti, G., Duncan, M., Jaffee, E., Montgomery, E., Maitra, A., Harmon, J. W.
(2007). Cytogenetic characterization and gene expression profiling in the rat reflux-induced esophageal tumor model. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
133: 763-769
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bonde, P., Gao, D., Chen, L., Miyashita, T., Montgomery, E., Harmon, J. W., Wei, C.
(2007). Duodenal Reflux Leads to Down Regulation of DNA Mismatch Repair Pathway in an Animal Model of Esophageal Cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
83: 433-440
[Abstract][Full Text]
Williams, J G, Roberts, S E, Ali, M F, Cheung, W Y, Cohen, D R, Demery, G, Edwards, A, Greer, M, Hellier, M D, Hutchings, H A, Ip, B, Longo, M F, Russell, I T, Snooks, H A, Williams, J C
(2007). Gastroenterology services in the UK. The burden of disease, and the organisation and delivery of services for gastrointestinal and liver disorders: a review of the evidence. Gut
56: 1-113
[Full Text]
Bonde, P., Gao, D., Chen, L., Duncan, M., Miyashita, T., Montgomery, E., Harmon, J. W., Wei, C.
(2007). Selective decrease in the DNA base excision repair pathway in squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
133: 74-81
[Abstract][Full Text]
McColl, K E L
(2006). Acid inhibitory medication and risk of gastric and oesophageal cancer.. Gut
55: 1532-1533
[Full Text]
Rodriguez, L A G., Lagergren, J, Lindblad, M
(2006). Gastric acid suppression and risk of oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma: a nested case control study in the UK. Gut
55: 1538-1544
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chao, D. L., Maley, C. C., Wu, X., Farrow, D. C., Galipeau, P. C., Sanchez, C. A., Paulson, T. G., Rabinovitch, P. S., Reid, B. J., Spitz, M. R., Vaughan, T. L.
(2006). Mutagen Sensitivity and Neoplastic Progression in Patients with Barrett's Esophagus: A Prospective Analysis.. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
15: 1935-1940
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ye, W., Kumar, R., Bacova, G., Lagergren, J., Hemminki, K., Nyren, O.
(2006). The XPD 751Gln allele is associated with an increased risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Carcinogenesis
27: 1835-1841
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boddy, A. P., Mehta, S., Rhodes, M.
(2006). The effect of intraperitoneal local anesthesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Anesth. Analg.
103: 682-688
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lagergren, J., Viklund, P., Jansson, C.
(2006). Carbonated soft drinks and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma: a population-based case-control study.. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
98: 1158-1161
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fu, X., Beer, D. G., Behar, J., Wands, J., Lambeth, D., Cao, W.
(2006). cAMP-response Element-binding Protein Mediates Acid-induced NADPH Oxidase NOX5-S Expression in Barrett Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells. J. Biol. Chem.
281: 20368-20382
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jacobson, B. C., Somers, S. C., Fuchs, C. S., Kelly, C. P., Camargo, C. A. Jr.
(2006). Body-mass index and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in women.. NEJM
354: 2340-2348
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kamangar, F., Dores, G. M., Anderson, W. F.
(2006). Patterns of Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Prevalence Across Five Continents: Defining Priorities to Reduce Cancer Disparities in Different Geographic Regions of the World. JCO
24: 2137-2150
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mallath, M. K.
(2006). Re: Carbonated soft drink consumption and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma.. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
98: 644-645
[Full Text]
Akre, O., Forssell, L., Kaijser, M., Noren-Nilsson, I., Lagergren, J., Nyren, O., Ekbom, A.
(2006). Perinatal risk factors for cancer of the esophagus and gastric cardia: a nested case-control study.. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
15: 867-871
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kubo, A., Corley, D. A.
(2006). Body Mass Index and Adenocarcinomas of the Esophagus or Gastric Cardia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
15: 872-878
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nordenstedt, H., Nilsson, M., Johansson, S., Wallander, M.-A., Johnsen, R., Hveem, K., Lagergren, J.
(2006). The relation between gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory symptoms in a population-based study: the nord-trondelag health survey.. Chest
129: 1051-1056
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schottenfeld, D., Beebe-Dimmer, J.
(2006). Chronic inflammation: a common and important factor in the pathogenesis of neoplasia.. CA Cancer J Clin
56: 69-83
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lao-Sirieix, P., Roy, A., Worrall, C., Vowler, S. L., Gardiner, S., Fitzgerald, R. C.
(2006). Effect of Acid suppression on molecular predictors for esophageal cancer.. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
15: 288-293
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jansson, C, Plato, N, Johansson, A L V, Nyren, O, Lagergren, J
(2006). Airborne occupational exposures and risk of oesophageal and cardia adenocarcinoma. Occup. Environ. Med.
63: 107-112
[Abstract][Full Text]
Duggan, S. P., Gallagher, W. M., Fox, E. J.P., Abdel-Latif, M. M., Reynolds, J. V., Kelleher, D.
(2006). Low pH induces co-ordinate regulation of gene expression in oesophageal cells. Carcinogenesis
27: 319-327
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jaiswal, K., Lopez-Guzman, C., Souza, R. F., Spechler, S. J., Sarosi, G. A. Jr
(2006). Bile salt exposure increases proliferation through p38 and ERK MAPK pathways in a non-neoplastic Barrett's cell line. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.
290: G335-G342
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fox, M., Forgacs, I.
(2006). Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. BMJ
332: 88-93
[Full Text]
Mayne, S. T., Risch, H. A., Dubrow, R., Chow, W.-H., Gammon, M. D., Vaughan, T. L., Borchardt, L., Schoenberg, J. B., Stanford, J. L., West, A. B., Rotterdam, H., Blot, W. J., Fraumeni, J. F. Jr.
(2006). Carbonated Soft Drink Consumption and Risk of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
98: 72-75
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chawla, S., Seth, D., Mahajan, P., Kamat, D.
(2006). Gastroesophageal Reflux Disorder: A Review for Primary Care Providers. CLIN PEDIATR
45: 7-13
Cook, M. B., Wild, C. P., Forman, D.
(2005). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Sex Ratio for Barrett's Esophagus, Erosive Reflux Disease, and Nonerosive Reflux Disease. Am J Epidemiol
162: 1050-1061
[Abstract][Full Text]
Smith, K. J., O'Brien, S. M., Smithers, B. M., Gotley, D. C., Webb, P. M., Green, A. C., Whiteman, D. C., for the Study of Digestive Health,
(2005). Interactions among Smoking, Obesity, and Symptoms of Acid Reflux in Barrett's Esophagus. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 2481-2486
[Abstract][Full Text]
Souza, R. F., Spechler, S. J.
(2005). Concepts in the Prevention of Adenocarcinoma of the Distal Esophagus and Proximal Stomach. CA Cancer J Clin
55: 334-351
[Abstract][Full Text]
Suzuki, H, Iijima, K, Scobie, G, Fyfe, V, McColl, K E L
(2005). Nitrate and nitrosative chemistry within Barrett's oesophagus during acid reflux. Gut
54: 1527-1535
[Abstract][Full Text]
Casson, A. G., Zheng, Z., Evans, S. C., Veugelers, P. J., Porter, G. A., Guernsey, D. L.
(2005). Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes in the molecular pathogenesis of esophageal (Barrett) adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis
26: 1536-1541
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tew, W. P., Kelsen, D. P., Ilson, D. H.
(2005). Targeted Therapies for Esophageal Cancer. The Oncologist
10: 590-601
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dellon, E. S., Shaheen, N. J.
(2005). Does Screening for Barrett's Esophagus and Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus Prolong Survival?. JCO
23: 4478-4482
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pohl, H., Welch, H. G.
(2005). RESPONSE: Re: The Role of Overdiagnosis and Reclassification in the Marked Increase of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Incidence. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
97: 1014-1014
[Full Text]
Jansson, C., Johansson, A. L.V., Nyren, O., Lagergren, J.
(2005). Socioeconomic Factors and Risk of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: A Nationwide Swedish Case-Control Study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 1754-1761
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kawatu, D., LeLeiko, N.
(2005). Birth Weight, Gastroesophageal Reflux, and Adult Onset Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: A Relationship?. AAP Grand Rounds
13: 69-70
[Full Text]
Nilsson, M., Chow, W.-H., Lindblad, M., Ye, W.
(2005). No Association between Gastroesophageal Reflux and Cancers of the Larynx and Pharynx. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 1194-1197
[Abstract][Full Text]
Agarwal, B., Swisher, S. G., Ajani, J., Kelly, K., Komaki, R. R., Abu-Hamda, E., Correa, A. M., Roth, J. A.
(2005). Differential Response to Preoperative Chemoradiation and Surgery in Esophageal Adenocarcinomas Based on Presence of Barrett's Esophagus and Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
79: 1716-1723
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dent, J, El-Serag, H B, Wallander, M-A, Johansson, S
(2005). Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut
54: 710-717
[Full Text]
Fass, R., Quan, S. F., O'Connor, G. T., Ervin, A., Iber, C.
(2005). Predictors of Heartburn During Sleep in a Large Prospective Cohort Study. Chest
127: 1658-1666
[Abstract][Full Text]
Clements, D M, Oleesky, D A, Smith, S C, Wheatley, H, Hullin, D A, Havard, T J, Bowrey, D J
(2005). A study to determine plasma antioxidant concentrations in patients with Barrett's oesophagus. J. Clin. Pathol.
58: 490-492
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kimchi, E. T., Posner, M. C., Park, J. O., Darga, T. E., Kocherginsky, M., Karrison, T., Hart, J., Smith, K. D., Mezhir, J. J., Weichselbaum, R. R., Khodarev, N. N.
(2005). Progression of Barrett's Metaplasia to Adenocarcinoma Is Associated with the Suppression of the Transcriptional Programs of Epidermal Differentiation. Cancer Res.
65: 3146-3154
[Abstract][Full Text]
Reed, M. F., Tolis, G. Jr, Edil, B. H., Allan, J. S., Donahue, D. M., Gaissert, H. A., Moncure, A. C., Wain, J. C., Wright, C. D., Mathisen, D. J.
(2005). Surgical Treatment of Esophageal High-Grade Dysplasia. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
79: 1110-1115
[Abstract][Full Text]
Olliver, J. R., Hardie, L. J., Gong, Y., Dexter, S., Chalmers, D., Harris, K. M., Wild, C. P.
(2005). Risk Factors, DNA Damage, and Disease Progression in Barrett's Esophagus. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 620-625
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lagergren, J
(2005). Adenocarcinoma of oesophagus: what exactly is the size of the problem and who is at risk?. Gut
54: i1-i5
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fitzgerald, R C
(2005). Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: how does acid interfere with cell proliferation and differentiation?. Gut
54: i21-i26
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sharma, P, Sidorenko, E I
(2005). Are screening and surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus really worthwhile?. Gut
54: i27-i32
[Abstract][Full Text]
Deviere, J
(2005). Barrett's oesophagus: the new endoscopic modalities have a future. Gut
54: i33-i37
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lindblad, M., Lagergren, J., Garcia Rodriguez, L. A.
(2005). Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Risk of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
14: 444-450
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pohl, H., Welch, H. G.
(2005). The Role of Overdiagnosis and Reclassification in the Marked Increase of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Incidence. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
97: 142-146
[Abstract][Full Text]
Marsman, W. A., Birjmohun, R. S., van Rees, B. P., Caspers, E., Johan, G., Offerhaus, A., Bosma, P. J., Jan, J., van Lanschot, B.
(2004). Loss of Heterozygosity and Immunohistochemistry of Adenocarcinomas of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia. Clin. Cancer Res.
10: 8479-8485
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lindblad, M., Ye, W., Rubio, C., Lagergren, J.
(2004). Estrogen and Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Protective Effect in a Nationwide Cohort Study of Patients with Prostate Cancer in Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
13: 2203-2207
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nilsson, M, Johnsen, R, Ye, W, Hveem, K, Lagergren, J
(2004). Lifestyle related risk factors in the aetiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gut
53: 1730-1735
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bax, D A, Haringsma, J, Einerhand, A W C, van Dekken, H, Blok, P, Siersema, P D, Kuipers, E J, Kusters, J G
(2004). MUC4 is increased in high grade intraepithelial neoplasia in Barrett's oesophagus and is associated with a proapoptotic Bax to Bcl-2 ratio. J. Clin. Pathol.
57: 1267-1272
[Abstract][Full Text]
Souza, R. F., Shewmake, K., Pearson, S., Sarosi, G. A. Jr., Feagins, L. A., Ramirez, R. D., Terada, L. S., Spechler, S. J.
(2004). Acid increases proliferation via ERK and p38 MAPK-mediated increases in cyclooxygenase-2 in Barrett's adenocarcinoma cells. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.
287: G743-G748
[Abstract][Full Text]
Corley, D. A., Kubo, A.
(2004). Influence of Site Classification on Cancer Incidence Rates: An Analysis of Gastric Cardia Carcinomas. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
96: 1383-1387
[Abstract][Full Text]
Derakhshan, M H, Yazdanbod, A, Sadjadi, A R, Shokoohi, B, McColl, K E L, Malekzadeh, R
(2004). High incidence of adenocarcinoma arising from the right side of the gastric cardia in NW Iran. Gut
53: 1262-1266
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lagergren, J
(2004). Oesophageal cancer and gastro-oesophageal reflux: what is the relationship?. Gut
53: 1064-1065
[Full Text]
Solaymani-Dodaran, M, Logan, R F A, West, J, Card, T, Coupland, C
(2004). Risk of oesophageal cancer in Barrett's oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gut
53: 1070-1074
[Abstract][Full Text]
Arts, J, Tack, J, Galmiche, J P
(2004). Endoscopic antireflux procedures. Gut
53: 1207-1214
[Full Text]
Hong, D., Swanstrom, L. L., Khajanchee, Y. S., Pereira, N., Hansen, P. D.
(2004). Postoperative Objective Outcomes for Upright, Supine, and Bipositional Reflux Disease Following Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication. Arch Surg
139: 848-854
[Abstract][Full Text]
