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Previous Volume 340:1754-1756 June 3, 1999 Number 22 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

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In 1970, almost a decade before molecular biology began to make its mark on immunology, Bretscher and Cohn¹ advanced a novel theory to explain how the immune system responds to foreign proteins. Stripped to its core and recast in modern terms, their model holds that the initiation of an immune response requires two signals: signal 1 and signal 2. The effect of these signals is to activate lymphocytes of the helper type, which, when activated, can induce B cells to produce antibodies or prepare cytotoxic T cells for cell killing. The necessary activating signals arise when the helper T cell . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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