Background Body-mass index (the weight in kilograms dividedby the square of the height in meters) is known to be associatedwith overall mortality. We investigated the effects of age,race, sex, smoking status, and history of disease on the relationbetween body-mass index and mortality.
Methods In a prospective study of more than 1 million adultsin the United States (457,785 men and 588,369 women), 201,622deaths occurred during 14 years of follow-up. We examined therelation between body-mass index and the risk of death fromall causes in four subgroups categorized according to smokingstatus and history of disease. In healthy people who had neversmoked, we further examined whether the relation varied accordingto race, cause of death, or age. The relative risk was usedto assess the relation between mortality and body-mass index.
Results The association between body-mass index and the riskof death was substantially modified by smoking status and thepresence of disease. In healthy people who had never smoked,the nadir of the curve for body-mass index and mortality wasfound at a body-mass index of 23.5 to 24.9 in men and 22.0 to23.4 in women. Among subjects with the highest body-mass indexes,white men and women had a relative risk of death of 2.58 and2.00, respectively, as compared with those with a body-massindex of 23.5 to 24.9. Black men and women with the highestbody-mass indexes had much lower risks of death (1.35 and 1.21),which did not differ significantly from 1.00. A high body-massindex was most predictive of death from cardiovascular disease,especially in men (relative risk, 2.90; 95 percent confidenceinterval, 2.37 to 3.56). Heavier men and women in all age groupshad an increased risk of death.
Conclusions The risk of death from all causes, cardiovasculardisease, cancer, or other diseases increases throughout therange of moderate and severe overweight for both men and womenin all age groups. The risk associated with a high body-massindex is greater for whites than for blacks.
Source Information
From the Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Calle at the American Cancer Society, 1599 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329.
Body-Mass Index and Mortality
Byers T., Durazo-Arvizu R. A., Goldbourt U., McGee D. L., Calle E. E., Thun M. J., Rodriguez C.
Extract |
Full Text
N Engl J Med 2000;
342:286-289, Jan 27, 2000.
Correspondence
This article has been cited by other articles:
Enns, L. C., Morton, J. F., Mangalindan, R. S., McKnight, G. S., Schwartz, M. W., Kaeberlein, M. R., Kennedy, B. K., Rabinovitch, P. S., Ladiges, W. C.
(2009). Attenuation of Age-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Mice With a Targeted Disruption of the C{beta} Subunit of Protein Kinase A. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
64A: 1221-1231
[Abstract][Full Text]
Oreopoulos, A., McAlister, F. A., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Padwal, R., Ezekowitz, J. A., Sharma, A. M., Kovesdy, C. P., Fonarow, G. C., Norris, C. M.
(2009). The relationship between body mass index, treatment, and mortality in patients with established coronary artery disease: a report from APPROACH. Eur Heart J
30: 2584-2592
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yi, S.-W., Odongua, N., Nam, C. M., Sull, J. W., Ohrr, H.
(2009). Body Mass Index and Stroke Mortality by Smoking and Age at Menopause Among Korean Postmenopausal Women. Stroke
40: 3428-3435
[Abstract][Full Text]
Williams, S. R., Pham-Kanter, G., Leitsch, S. A.
(2009). Measures of Chronic Conditions and Diseases Associated With Aging in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci
64B: i67-i75
[Abstract][Full Text]
Takaoka, M., Nagata, D., Kihara, S., Shimomura, I., Kimura, Y., Tabata, Y., Saito, Y., Nagai, R., Sata, M.
(2009). Periadventitial Adipose Tissue Plays a Critical Role in Vascular Remodeling. Circ. Res.
105: 906-911
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sawada, T., Yamada, H., Dahlof, B., Matsubara, H., for the KYOTO HEART Study Group,
(2009). Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in uncontrolled hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risks: KYOTO HEART Study. Eur Heart J
30: 2461-2469
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Kruijsdijk, R. C.M., van der Wall, E., Visseren, F. L.J.
(2009). Obesity and Cancer: The Role of Dysfunctional Adipose Tissue. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
18: 2569-2578
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cordeiro, A. C., Qureshi, A. R., Stenvinkel, P., Heimburger, O., Axelsson, J., Barany, P., Lindholm, B., Carrero, J. J.
(2009). Abdominal fat deposition is associated with increased inflammation, protein-energy wasting and worse outcome in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant
0: gfp492v1-gfp492
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chazot, C., Gassia, J.-P., Di Benedetto, A., Cesare, S., Ponce, P., Marcelli, D.
(2009). Is there any survival advantage of obesity in Southern European haemodialysis patients?. Nephrol Dial Transplant
24: 2871-2876
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bouillanne, O., Dupont-Belmont, C., Hay, P., Hamon-Vilcot, B., Cynober, L., Aussel, C.
(2009). Fat mass protects hospitalized elderly persons against morbidity and mortality. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
90: 505-510
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hastie, C. E., Padmanabhan, S., Slack, R., Pell, A. C.H., Oldroyd, K. G., Flapan, A. D., Jennings, K. P., Irving, J., Eteiba, H., Dominiczak, A. F., Pell, J. P.
(2009). Obesity paradox in a cohort of 4880 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J
0: ehp317v1-ehp317
[Abstract][Full Text]
Inoue, H., Yamauchi, K., Kobayashi, H., Shikanai, T., Nakamura, Y., Satoh, J., Kohno, N., Mishima, M., Sasaki, H., Hildebrandt, J.
(2009). A New Breath-Holding Test May Noninvasively Reveal Early Lung Abnormalities Caused by Smoking and/or Obesity. Chest
136: 545-553
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lewis, C. E., McTigue, K. M., Burke, L. E., Poirier, P., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B. V., Allison, D. B., Kumanyika, S., Pi-Sunyer, F. X.
(2009). Mortality, Health Outcomes, and Body Mass Index in the Overweight Range: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation
119: 3263-3271
[Full Text]
Turer, A. T., Mahaffey, K. W., Honeycutt, E., Tuttle, R. H., Shaw, L. K., Sketch, M. H. Jr., Smith, P. K., Califf, R. M., Alexander, J. H.
(2009). Influence of body mass index on the efficacy of revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease.. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
137: 1468-1474
[Abstract][Full Text]
McAuley, P., Pittsley, J., Myers, J., Abella, J., Froelicher, V. F.
(2009). Fitness and Fatness as Mortality Predictors in Healthy Older Men: The Veterans Exercise Testing Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
64A: 695-699
[Abstract][Full Text]
Field, A. E., Malspeis, S., Willett, W. C.
(2009). Weight Cycling and Mortality Among Middle-aged or Older Women. Arch Intern Med
169: 881-886
[Abstract][Full Text]
Diller, L., Chow, E. J., Gurney, J. G., Hudson, M. M., Kadin-Lottick, N. S., Kawashima, T. I., Leisenring, W. M., Meacham, L. R., Mertens, A. C., Mulrooney, D. A., Oeffinger, K. C., Packer, R. J., Robison, L. L., Sklar, C. A.
(2009). Chronic Disease in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Cohort: A Review of Published Findings. JCO
27: 2339-2355
[Full Text]
Mak, K.-H., Bhatt, D. L., Shao, M., Haffner, S. M., Hamm, C. W., Hankey, G. J., Johnston, S. C., Montalescot, G., Steg, P. G., Steinhubl, S. R., Fox, K. A.A., Topol, E. J.
(2009). The influence of body mass index on mortality and bleeding among patients with or at high-risk of atherothrombotic disease. Eur Heart J
30: 857-865
[Abstract][Full Text]
Harris, K. C., Kuramoto, L. K., Schulzer, M., Retallack, J. E.
(2009). Effect of school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index in children: a meta-analysis. CMAJ
180: 719-726
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chirinos, J. A., Franklin, S. S., Townsend, R. R., Raij, L.
(2009). Body Mass Index and Hypertension Hemodynamic Subtypes in the Adult US Population. Arch Intern Med
169: 580-586
[Abstract][Full Text]
Khalangot, M, Tronko, M, Kravchenko, V, Kulchinska, J, Hu, G
(2009). Body mass index and the risk of total and cardiovascular mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes: a large prospective study in Ukraine. Heart
95: 454-460
[Abstract][Full Text]
Frankel, D. S., Vasan, R. S., D'Agostino, R. B. Sr, Benjamin, E. J., Levy, D., Wang, T. J., Meigs, J. B.
(2009). Resistin, Adiponectin, and Risk of Heart Failure: The Framingham Offspring Study. J Am Coll Cardiol
53: 754-762
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chapman, I. M, Visvanathan, R., Hammond, A. J, Morley, J. E, Field, J. B., Tai, K., Belobrajdic, D. P, Chen, R. Y., Horowitz, M.
(2009). Effect of testosterone and a nutritional supplement, alone and in combination, on hospital admissions in undernourished older men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
89: 880-889
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dunn, S. P., Bleske, B., Dorsch, M., Macaulay, T., Van Tassell, B., Vardeny, O.
(2009). Nutrition and Heart Failure: Impact of Drug Therapies and Management Strategies. Nutr Clin Pract
24: 60-75
[Abstract][Full Text]
Varness, T., Allen, D. B., Carrel, A. L., Fost, N.
(2009). Childhood Obesity and Medical Neglect. Pediatrics
123: 399-406
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pischon, T., Boeing, H., Hoffmann, K., Bergmann, M., Schulze, M.B., Overvad, K., van der Schouw, Y.T., Spencer, E., Moons, K.G.M., Tjonneland, A., Halkjaer, J., Jensen, M.K., Stegger, J., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., Chajes, V., Linseisen, J., Kaaks, R., Trichopoulou, A., Trichopoulos, D., Bamia, C., Sieri, S., Palli, D., Tumino, R., Vineis, P., Panico, S., Peeters, P.H.M., May, A.M., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B., van Duijnhoven, F.J.B., Hallmans, G., Weinehall, L., Manjer, J., Hedblad, B., Lund, E., Agudo, A., Arriola, L., Barricarte, A., Navarro, C., Martinez, C., Quiros, J.R., Key, T., Bingham, S., Khaw, K.T., Boffetta, P., Jenab, M., Ferrari, P., Riboli, E.
(2008). General and Abdominal Adiposity and Risk of Death in Europe. NEJM
359: 2105-2120
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nass, R., Pezzoli, S. S., Oliveri, M. C., Patrie, J. T., Harrell, F. E. Jr., Clasey, J. L., Heymsfield, S. B., Bach, M. A., Vance, M. L., Thorner, M. O.
(2008). Effects of an Oral Ghrelin Mimetic on Body Composition and Clinical Outcomes in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Trial. ANN INTERN MED
149: 601-611
[Abstract][Full Text]
Koster, A., Leitzmann, M. F, Schatzkin, A., Adams, K. F, van Eijk, J. T., Hollenbeck, A. R, Harris, T. B
(2008). The combined relations of adiposity and smoking on mortality. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
88: 1206-1212
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dossett, L. A., Heffernan, D., Lightfoot, M., Collier, B., Diaz, J. J., Sawyer, R. G., May, A. K.
(2008). Obesity and Pulmonary Complications in Critically Injured Adults. Chest
134: 974-980
[Abstract][Full Text]
Li, L., Hardy, R., Kuh, D., Lo Conte, R., Power, C.
(2008). Child-to-Adult Body Mass Index and Height Trajectories: A Comparison of 2 British Birth Cohorts. Am J Epidemiol
168: 1008-1015
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sauvaget, C., Ramadas, K., Thomas, G., Vinoda, J., Thara, S., Sankaranarayanan, R.
(2008). Body mass index, weight change and mortality risk in a prospective study in India. Int J Epidemiol
37: 990-1004
[Abstract][Full Text]
Madala, M. C., Franklin, B. A., Chen, A. Y., Berman, A. D., Roe, M. T., Peterson, E. D., Ohman, E. M., Smith, S. C. Jr, Gibler, W. B., McCullough, P. A., for the CRUSADE Investigators,
(2008). Obesity and Age of First Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol
52: 979-985
[Abstract][Full Text]
Litwin, S. E.
(2008). Which Measures of Obesity Best Predict Cardiovascular Risk?. J Am Coll Cardiol
52: 616-619
[Full Text]
Ruiz, J. R, Sui, X., Lobelo, F., Morrow, J. R Jr, Jackson, A. W, Sjostrom, M., Blair, S. N
(2008). Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ
337: a439-a439
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mafra, D., Guebre-Egziabher, F., Fouque, D.
(2008). Body mass index, muscle and fat in chronic kidney disease: questions about survival. Nephrol Dial Transplant
23: 2461-2466
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hofer, R. E., Kai, T., Decker, P. A., Warner, D. O.
(2008). Obesity as a Risk Factor for Unanticipated Admissions After Ambulatory Surgery. Mayo Clin Proc.
83: 908-913
[Abstract][Full Text]
Horwich, T. B., Fonarow, G. C.
(2008). Measures of Obesity and Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation
118: 469-471
[Full Text]
Taegtmeyer, H., Algahim, M. F.
(2008). Obesity and cardiac metabolism in women.. J Am Coll Cardiol Img
1: 434-435
[Full Text]
Carroll, D., Phillips, A. C., Der, G.
(2008). Body Mass Index, Abdominal Adiposity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Reactions to Psychological Stress in a Large Community Sample. Psychosom. Med.
70: 653-660
[Abstract][Full Text]
Panoulas, V F, Ahmad, N, Fazal, A A, Kassamali, R H, Nightingale, P, Kitas, G D, Labib, M
(2008). The inter-operator variability in measuring waist circumference and its potential impact on the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. Postgrad. Med. J.
84: 344-347
[Abstract][Full Text]
Koster, A., Leitzmann, M. F., Schatzkin, A., Mouw, T., Adams, K. F., van Eijk, J. Th. M., Hollenbeck, A. R., Harris, T. B.
(2008). Waist Circumference and Mortality. Am J Epidemiol
167: 1465-1475
[Abstract][Full Text]
Muller-Ehmsen, J., Braun, D., Schneider, T., Pfister, R., Worm, N., Wielckens, K., Scheid, C., Frommolt, P., Flesch, M.
(2008). Decreased number of circulating progenitor cells in obesity: beneficial effects of weight reduction. Eur Heart J
29: 1560-1568
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nandy, S.
(2008). `Misunderestimating' Chronic Poverty?: Exploring Chronic Poverty in Developing Countries Using Cross-Sectional Demographic and Health Data. Global Social Policy
8: 45-79
[Abstract]
Bruce, E. C., Guo, Y., Lawson, K. C., Manatunga, A. K., Auyeung, S. F., McDonald, W. M., Rushing, N., Brown, A. R., Gilles, N., Emery, M., Bonsall, R., Porquez, J., Stowe, Z., Nemeroff, C. B., Musselman, D. L.
(2008). Platelet Thromboxane A2 Secretion in Patients With Major Depression Responsive to Electroconvulsive Therapy. Psychosom. Med.
70: 319-327
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cameron, A. J., Zimmet, P. Z.
(2008). Expanding Evidence for the Multiple Dangers of Epidemic Abdominal Obesity. Circulation
117: 1624-1626
[Full Text]
Fox, C. S., Pencina, M. J., D'Agostino, R. B., Murabito, J. M., Seely, E. W., Pearce, E. N., Vasan, R. S.
(2008). Relations of Thyroid Function to Body Weight: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Observations in a Community-Based Sample. Arch Intern Med
168: 587-592
[Abstract][Full Text]
Regidor, E, Gutierrez-Fisac, J L, Ronda, E, Calle, M E, Martinez, D, Dominguez, V
(2008). Impact of cumulative area-based adverse socioeconomic environment on body mass index and overweight. J. Epidemiol. Community Health
62: 231-238
[Abstract][Full Text]
Abdulla, J., Kober, L., Abildstrom, S. Z., Christensen, E., James, W. P. T., Torp-Pedersen, C.
(2008). Impact of obesity as a mortality predictor in high-risk patients with myocardial infarction or chronic heart failure: a pooled analysis of five registries. Eur Heart J
29: 594-601
[Abstract][Full Text]
Erdmann, J., Kallabis, B., Oppel, U., Sypchenko, O., Wagenpfeil, S., Schusdziarra, V.
(2008). Development of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance during the early stage of weight gain. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
294: E568-E575
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ogihara, T., Nakao, K., Fukui, T., Fukiyama, K., Ueshima, K., Oba, K., Sato, T., Saruta, T., for the Candesartan Antihypertensive Survival Eval,
(2008). Effects of Candesartan Compared With Amlodipine in Hypertensive Patients With High Cardiovascular Risks: Candesartan Antihypertensive Survival Evaluation in Japan Trial. Hypertension
51: 393-398
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schernthaner, G., Morton, J. M.
(2008). Bariatric Surgery in Patients With Morbid Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care
31: S297-S302
[Full Text]
Abell, J. E., Egan, B. M., Wilson, P. W.F., Lipsitz, S., Woolson, R. F., Lackland, D. T.
(2008). Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated With Body Mass Between Black and White Persons. AJPH
98: 63-66
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bloomgarden, Z. T.
(2008). Diabetes and Obesity: Part 2. Diabetes Care
31: 176-182
[Full Text]
Buchner, N. J., Sanner, B. M., Borgel, J., Rump, L. C.
(2007). Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment of Mild to Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea Reduces Cardiovascular Risk. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
176: 1274-1280
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dyer, D. N.
(2007). How Can Obesity Be Healthy?. Arch Intern Med
167: 2527-2528
[Full Text]
Bibbins-Domingo, K., Coxson, P., Pletcher, M. J., Lightwood, J., Goldman, L.
(2007). Adolescent Overweight and Future Adult Coronary Heart Disease. NEJM
357: 2371-2379
[Abstract][Full Text]
O'Neil, C. E., Nicklas, T. A.
(2007). State of the Art Reviews: Relationship Between Diet/ Physical Activity and Health. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE
1: 457-481
[Abstract]
Reeves, G. K, Pirie, K., Beral, V., Green, J., Spencer, E., Bull, D., Million Women Study Collaboration,
(2007). Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study. BMJ
335: 1134-1134
[Abstract][Full Text]
Logroscino, G., Sesso, H. D., Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr, Lee, I-M.
(2007). Body Mass Index and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol
166: 1186-1190
[Abstract][Full Text]
Flegal, K. M., Graubard, B. I., Williamson, D. F., Gail, M. H.
(2007). Cause-Specific Excess Deaths Associated With Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity. JAMA
298: 2028-2037
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yologlu, S., Sezgin, A. T., Sezgin, N., Yetkin, E., Olmez, E.
(2007). Comparison of Different Regression Analyses for Identifying Risk Factors in Obese and Nonobese Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. ANGIOLOGY
58: 543-549
[Abstract]
Rivlin, R. S
(2007). Keeping the young-elderly healthy: is it too late to improve our health through nutrition?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
86: 1572S-1576S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rodrigo, G. J., Plaza, V.
(2007). Body Mass Index and Response to Emergency Department Treatment In Adults With Severe Asthma Exacerbations: A Prospective Cohort Study. Chest
132: 1513-1519
[Abstract][Full Text]
Flegal, K. M., Graubard, B. I., Williamson, D. F., Gail, M. H.
(2007). Impact of Smoking and Preexisting Illness on Estimates of the Fractions of Deaths Associated with Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity in the US Population. Am J Epidemiol
166: 975-982
[Abstract][Full Text]
Paniagua, J. A., de la Sacristana, A. G., Sanchez, E., Romero, I., Vidal-Puig, A., Berral, F. J., Escribano, A., Moyano, M. J., Perez-Martinez, P., Lopez-Miranda, J., Perez-Jimenez, F.
(2007). A MUFA-Rich Diet Improves Posprandial Glucose, Lipid and GLP-1 Responses in Insulin-Resistant Subjects. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
26: 434-444
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou, A., Metsios, G. S, Koutedakis, Y., Nevill, A. M, Douglas, K. M, Jamurtas, A., van Zanten, J. J C S V., Labib, M., Kitas, G. D
(2007). Redefining overweight and obesity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann Rheum Dis
66: 1316-1321
[Abstract][Full Text]
Batty, G. D., Kivimaki, M., Smith, G. D., Marmot, M. G., Shipley, M. J.
(2007). Obesity and Overweight in Relation to Mortality in Men With and Without Type 2 Diabetes/Impaired Glucose Tolerance: The original Whitehall Study. Diabetes Care
30: 2388-2391
[Full Text]
Callaway, L. K., McIntyre, H. D., O'Callaghan, M., Williams, G. M., Najman, J. M., Lawlor, D. A.
(2007). The Association of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy with Weight Gain over the Subsequent 21 Years: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol
166: 421-428
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kenchaiah, S., Pocock, S. J., Wang, D., Finn, P. V., Zornoff, L. A.M., Skali, H., Pfeffer, M. A., Yusuf, S., Swedberg, K., Michelson, E. L., Granger, C. B., McMurray, J. J.V., Solomon, S. D., for the CHARM Investigators,
(2007). Body Mass Index and Prognosis in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Insights From the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) Program. Circulation
116: 627-636
[Abstract][Full Text]
Anderson, J. W, Conley, S. B, Nicholas, A. S
(2007). One hundred pound weight losses with an intensive behavioral program: changes in risk factors in 118 patients with long-term follow-up. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
86: 301-307
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bardia, A., Holtan, S. G., Slezak, J. M., Thompson, W. G.
(2007). Diagnosis of Obesity by Primary Care Physicians and Impact on Obesity Management. Mayo Clin Proc.
82: 927-932
[Abstract][Full Text]
Buettner, H. J., Mueller, C., Gick, M., Ferenc, M., Allgeier, J., Comberg, T., Werner, K. D., Schindler, C., Neumann, F.-J.
(2007). The impact of obesity on mortality in UA/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J
28: 1694-1701
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dunn, J. P., Jagasia, S. M.
(2007). Management of Type 2 Diabetes After Bariatric Surgery. Clin. Diabetes
25: 112-114
[Full Text]
Lane, D.A., Lip, G.Y.H., Beevers, D.G.
(2007). Ethnic differences in cancer incidence and mortality: the Birmingham Factory Screening Project. QJM
100: 423-431
[Abstract][Full Text]
Fontana, L., Villareal, D. T., Weiss, E. P., Racette, S. B., Steger-May, K., Klein, S., Holloszy, J. O., and the Washington University School of Medicine C,
(2007). Calorie restriction or exercise: effects on coronary heart disease risk factors. A randomized, controlled trial. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
293: E197-E202
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kuk, J. L, Janiszewski, P. M, Ross, R.
(2007). Body mass index and hip and thigh circumferences are negatively associated with visceral adipose tissue after control for waist circumference. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
85: 1540-1544
[Abstract][Full Text]
