Lamivudine as Initial Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B in the United States
Jules L. Dienstag, M.D., Eugene R. Schiff, M.D., Teresa L. Wright, M.D., Robert P. Perrillo, M.D., Hie-Won L. Hann, M.D., Zachary Goodman, M.D., Ph.D., Lynn Crowther, B.S., Lynn D. Condreay, Ph.D., Mary Woessner, B.S., Marc Rubin, M.D., Nathaniel A. Brown, M.D., for The U.S. Lamivudine Investigator Group
Background Although the nucleoside analogue lamivudine has shownpromise in patients with chronic hepatitis B, long-term dataon patients from the United States are lacking.
Methods We randomly assigned previously untreated patients withchronic hepatitis B to receive either 100 mg of oral lamivudineor placebo daily for 52 weeks. We then followed them for anadditional 16 weeks to evaluate post-treatment safety and thedurability of responses. The primary end point with respectto efficacy was a reduction of at least 2 points in the scoreon the Histologic Activity Index. On this scale, scores canrange from 0 (normal) to 22 (most severe abnormalities).
Results Of the 143 randomized patients, 137 were included inthe efficacy analysis: 66 in the lamivudine group and 71 inthe placebo group. The other six patients were excluded at thebase-line visit because of the absence of a documented historyof hepatitis B surface antigen for at least six months. After52 weeks of treatment, lamivudine recipients were more likelythan placebo recipients to have a histologic response (52 percentvs. 23 percent, P<0.001), loss of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)in serum (32 percent vs. 11 percent, P=0.003), sustained suppressionof serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA to undetectable levels(44 percent vs. 16 percent, P<0.001), and sustained normalizationof serum alanine aminotransferase levels (41 percent vs. 7 percent,P<0.001), and they were less likely to have increased hepaticfibrosis (5 percent vs. 20 percent, P=0.01). Lamivudine recipientswere also more likely to undergo HBeAg seroconversion, definedas the loss of HBeAg, undetectable levels of serum HBV DNA,and the appearance of antibodies against HBeAg (17 percent vs.6 percent, P=0.04). HBeAg responses persisted in most patientsfor 16 weeks after the discontinuation of treatment. Lamivudinewas well tolerated. Self-limited post-treatment elevations inserum alanine aminotransferase were more common in lamivudinerecipients: 25 percent had serum alanine aminotransferase levelsthat were at least three times base-line levels, as comparedwith 8 percent of placebo recipients (P=0.01). The clinicalcondition of all patients remained stable during the study.
Conclusions In U.S. patients with previously untreated chronichepatitis B, one year of lamivudine therapy had favorable effectson histologic, virologic, and biochemical features of the diseaseand was well tolerated. HBeAg responses were usually sustainedafter treatment.
Source Information
From the Gastrointestinal Unit (Medical Services) and Liver–Biliary–Pancreas Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.L.D.); the Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Medical Center and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami (E.R.S.); the Gastroenterology Division, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (T.L.W.); the Division of Gastroenterology, Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans (R.P.P.); the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia (H.-W.L.H.); the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. (Z.G.); and Glaxo Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (L.C., L.D.C., M.W., M.R., N.A.B.). Drs. Dienstag, Schiff, Wright, Perrillo, Hann, and Goodman have consulted for Glaxo Wellcome.Presented in part at the 99th Annual Meeting of the American Gastroenterological Association, New Orleans, May 17, 1998, and in abstract form (Gastroenterology 1998;114:A1235).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Dienstag at the Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, or at jdienstag{at}partners.org.
Dienstag, J. L.
(2008). Hepatitis B Virus Infection. NEJM
359: 1486-1500
[Full Text]
Chan, H. L.Y., Heathcote, E. J., Marcellin, P., Lai, C.-L., Cho, M., Moon, Y. M., Chao, Y.-C., Myers, R. P., Minuk, G. Y., Jeffers, L., Sievert, W., Bzowej, N., Harb, G., Kaiser, R., Qiao, X.-J., Brown, N. A., and the 018 Study Group,
(2007). Treatment of Hepatitis B e Antigen Positive Chronic Hepatitis with Telbivudine or Adefovir: A Randomized Trial. ANN INTERN MED
147: 745-754
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lim, C. Y., Kowdley, K. V.
(2007). Optimal duration of therapy in HBV-related cirrhosis. J Antimicrob Chemother
60: 2-6
[Abstract][Full Text]
Heipertz, R. A. Jr., Miller, T. G., Kelley, C. M., Delaney, W. E. IV, Locarnini, S. A., Isom, H. C.
(2007). In Vitro Study of the Effects of Precore and Lamivudine-Resistant Mutations on Hepatitis B Virus Replication. J. Virol.
81: 3068-3076
[Abstract][Full Text]
Thio, C. L., Astemborski, J., Bashirova, A., Mosbruger, T., Greer, S., Witt, M. D., Goedert, J. J., Hilgartner, M., Majeske, A., O'Brien, S. J., Thomas, D. L., Carrington, M.
(2007). Genetic Protection against Hepatitis B Virus Conferred by CCR5{Delta}32: Evidence that CCR5 Contributes to Viral Persistence. J. Virol.
81: 441-445
[Abstract][Full Text]
Saikia, N., Talukdar, R., Mazumder, S., Khanna, S., Tandon, R.
(2007). Management of patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Postgrad. Med. J.
83: 32-39
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rincon, D., Ripoll, C., Catalina, M. V., Salcedo, M., Banares, R.
(2006). Does interferon improve portal hypertension?. J Antimicrob Chemother
58: 7-12
[Abstract][Full Text]
Osborn, M. K., Lok, A. S. F.
(2006). Antiviral options for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. J Antimicrob Chemother
57: 1030-1034
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lim, S. G., Krastev, Z., Ng, T. M., Mechkov, G., Kotzev, I. A., Chan, S., Mondou, E., Snow, A., Sorbel, J., Rousseau, F., for the FTCB-204 Study Group,
(2006). Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Emtricitabine (FTC) plus Clevudine versus FTC Alone in Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
50: 1642-1648
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chang, T.-T., Gish, R. G., de Man, R., Gadano, A., Sollano, J., Chao, Y.-C., Lok, A. S., Han, K.-H., Goodman, Z., Zhu, J., Cross, A., DeHertogh, D., Wilber, R., Colonno, R., Apelian, D., the BEHoLD AI463022 Study Group,
(2006). A Comparison of Entecavir and Lamivudine for HBeAg-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B. NEJM
354: 1001-1010
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hoofnagle, J. H.
(2006). Hepatitis B -- Preventable and Now Treatable. NEJM
354: 1074-1076
[Full Text]
Kim, J. W, Park, S. H, Louie, S. G
(2006). Telbivudine: A Novel Nucleoside Analog for Chronic Hepatitis B. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
40: 472-478
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pallier, C., Castera, L., Soulier, A., Hezode, C., Nordmann, P., Dhumeaux, D., Pawlotsky, J.-M.
(2006). Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus Resistance to Lamivudine. J. Virol.
80: 643-653
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lim, S. G., Ng, T. M., Kung, N., Krastev, Z., Volfova, M., Husa, P., Lee, S. S., Chan, S., Shiffman, M. L., Washington, M. K., Rigney, A., Anderson, J., Mondou, E., Snow, A., Sorbel, J., Guan, R., Rousseau, F., for the Emtricitabine FTCB-301 Study Group,
(2006). A Double-blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Emtricitabine in Chronic Hepatitis B. Arch Intern Med
166: 49-56
[Abstract][Full Text]
Guo, Y., Guo, H., Zhang, L., Xie, H., Zhao, X., Wang, F., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Ma, S., Tao, J., Wang, W., Zhou, Y., Yang, W., Cheng, J.
(2005). Genomic Analysis of Anti-Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Activity by Small Interfering RNA and Lamivudine in Stable HBV-Producing Cells. J. Virol.
79: 14392-14403
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ou, Z.-Y., Liu, N., Chen, C.-J., Cheng, G., He, Y.-S.
(2005). Rapid and Accurate Genotyping of YMDD Motif Variants in the Hepatitis B Virus Genome by an Improved Reverse Dot Blot Method. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 5685-5689
[Abstract][Full Text]
Erhardt, A, Blondin, D, Hauck, K, Sagir, A, Kohnle, T, Heintges, T, Haussinger, D
(2005). Response to interferon alfa is hepatitis B virus genotype dependent: genotype A is more sensitive to interferon than genotype D. Gut
54: 1009-1013
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lau, G. K., Piratvisuth, T., Luo, K. X., Marcellin, P., Thongsawat, S., Cooksley, G., Gane, E., Fried, M. W., Chow, W. C., Paik, S. W., Chang, W. Y., Berg, T., Flisiak, R., McCloud, P., Pluck, N., the Peginterferon Alfa-2a HBeAg-Positive Chronic H,
(2005). Peginterferon Alfa-2a, Lamivudine, and the Combination for HBeAg-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B. NEJM
352: 2682-2695
[Abstract][Full Text]
Idilman, R.
(2005). Lamivudine prophylaxis in HBV carriers with haemato-oncological malignancies who receive chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother
55: 828-831
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kanwal, F., Gralnek, I. M., Martin, P., Dulai, G. S., Farid, M., Spiegel, B. M.R.
(2005). Treatment Alternatives for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. ANN INTERN MED
142: 821-831
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zollner, B., Sterneck, M., Wursthorn, K., Petersen, J., Schroter, M., Laufs, R., Feucht, H.-H.
(2005). Prevalence, Incidence, and Clinical Relevance of the Reverse Transcriptase V207I Mutation Outside the YMDD Motif of the Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase during Lamivudine Therapy. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 2503-2505
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chang, J. J., Wightman, F., Bartholomeusz, A., Ayres, A., Kent, S. J., Sasadeusz, J., Lewin, S. R.
(2005). Reduced Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-Specific CD4+ T-Cell Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-HBV-Coinfected Individuals Receiving HBV-Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Virol.
79: 3038-3051
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chan, H. L.-Y., Leung, N. W.-Y., Hui, A. Y., Wong, V. W.-S., Liew, C.-T., Chim, A. M.-L., Chan, F. K.-L., Hung, L. C.-T., Lee, Y.-T., Tam, J. S.-L., Lam, C. W.-K., Sung, J. J.-Y.
(2005). A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Combination Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B: Comparing Pegylated Interferon-{alpha}2b and Lamivudine with Lamivudine Alone. ANN INTERN MED
142: 240-250
[Abstract][Full Text]
Akuta, N., Kumada, H.
(2005). Influence of hepatitis B virus genotypes on the response to antiviral therapies. J Antimicrob Chemother
55: 139-142
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lin, C-L, Tsai, S-L, Lee, T-H, Chien, R-N, Liao, S-K, Liaw, Y-F
(2005). High frequency of functional anti-YMDD and -mutant cytotoxic T lymphocytes after in vitro expansion correlates with successful response to lamivudine therapy for chronic hepatitis B. Gut
54: 152-161
[Abstract][Full Text]
Aggarwal, R., Ranjan, P.
(2004). Preventing and treating hepatitis B infection. BMJ
329: 1080-1086
[Full Text]
Liaw, Y. F., Sung, J. J.Y., Chow, W. C., Farrell, G., Lee, C.-Z., Yuen, H., Tanwandee, T., Tao, Q.-M., Shue, K., Keene, O. N., Dixon, J. S., Gray, D. F., Sabbat, J., the Cirrhosis Asian Lamivudine Multicentre Study G,
(2004). Lamivudine for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B and Advanced Liver Disease. NEJM
351: 1521-1531
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wands, J. R.
(2004). Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. NEJM
351: 1567-1570
[Full Text]
Delaney, W. E. IV, Yang, H., Miller, M. D., Gibbs, C. S., Xiong, S.
(2004). Combinations of Adefovir with Nucleoside Analogs Produce Additive Antiviral Effects against Hepatitis B Virus In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
48: 3702-3710
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yuen, M.-F., Yuan, H.-J., Sablon, E., Wong, D. K.-H., Chan, A. O.-O., Wong, B. C.-Y., Lai, C.-L.
(2004). Long-Term Follow-Up Study of Chinese Patients with YMDD Mutations: Significance of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Characteristics of Biochemical Flares. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 3932-3936
[Abstract][Full Text]
D'Souza, R., Foster, G. R
(2004). Diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B. JRSM
97: 318-321
[Full Text]
Sawabe, T., Uenotsuchi, T., Imafuku, S., Kohno, H., Arima, J., Horiuchi, T.
(2004). Remission of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Vasculitis with Lamivudine. ANN INTERN MED
140: 672-673
[Full Text]
Rivkin, A. M
(2004). Adefovir Dipivoxil in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
38: 625-633
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ganem, D., Prince, A. M.
(2004). Hepatitis B Virus Infection -- Natural History and Clinical Consequences. NEJM
350: 1118-1129
[Full Text]
Freudiger, H., Sitavanc, R.
(2004). Reverse seroconversion of hepatitis B in a haemodialysis patient. Nephrol Dial Transplant
19: 238-241
[Full Text]
Einav, S., Glenn, J. S.
(2003). Prenylation inhibitors: a novel class of antiviral agents. J Antimicrob Chemother
52: 883-886
[Abstract][Full Text]
Walters, K.-A., Tipples, G. A., Allen, M. I., Condreay, L. D., Addison, W. R., Tyrrell, L.
(2003). Generation of Stable Cell Lines Expressing Lamivudine-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus for Antiviral-Compound Screening. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
47: 1936-1942
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kessler, H. H., Stelzl, E., Marth, E., Stauber, R. E.
(2003). Detection of Mutations in the Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase Gene. Clin. Chem.
49: 989-992
[Full Text]
Connor, F L, Rosenberg, A R, Kennedy, S E, Bohane, T D
(2003). HBV associated nephrotic syndrome: resolution with oral lamivudine. Arch. Dis. Child.
88: 446-449
[Abstract][Full Text]
Prieto, J, Herraiz, M, Sangro, B, Qian, C, Mazzolini, G, Melero, I, Ruiz, J
(2003). The promise of gene therapy in gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Gut
52: ii49-54
[Abstract][Full Text]
Karayiannis, P.
(2003). Hepatitis B virus: old, new and future approaches to antiviral treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother
51: 761-785
[Abstract][Full Text]
Reddy, S. I., Ukomadu, C.
(2003). Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in African Americans. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
12: 248S-251
[Full Text]
Yuen, M-F, Yuan, H-J, Hui, C-K, Wong, D K-H, Wong, W-M, Chan, A O-O, Wong, B C-Y, Lai, C-L
(2003). A large population study of spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion and acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B infection: implications for antiviral therapy. Gut
52: 416-419
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Nunen, A B, Hansen, B E, Suh, D J, Lohr, H F, Chemello, L, Fontaine, H, Heathcote, J, Song, B C, Janssen, H L A, de Man, R A, Schalm, S W
(2003). Durability of HBeAg seroconversion following antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B: relation to type of therapy and pretreatment serum hepatitis B virus DNA and alanine aminotransferase. Gut
52: 420-424
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yuen, M.-F., Lai, C.-L.
(2003). Current and future antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis B. J Antimicrob Chemother
51: 481-485
[Full Text]
Hadziyannis, S. J., Tassopoulos, N. C., Heathcote, E. J., Chang, T.-T., Kitis, G., Rizzetto, M., Marcellin, P., Lim, S. G., Goodman, Z., Wulfsohn, M. S., Xiong, S., Fry, J., Brosgart, C. L., the Adefovir Dipivoxil 438 Study Group,
(2003). Adefovir Dipivoxil for the Treatment of Hepatitis B e Antigen-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B. NEJM
348: 800-807
[Abstract][Full Text]
Marcellin, P., Chang, T.-T., Lim, S. G., Tong, M. J., Sievert, W., Shiffman, M. L., Jeffers, L., Goodman, Z., Wulfsohn, M. S., Xiong, S., Fry, J., Brosgart, C. L., the Adefovir Dipivoxil 437 Study Group,
(2003). Adefovir Dipivoxil for the Treatment of Hepatitis B e Antigen-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B. NEJM
348: 808-816
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mailliard, M. E., Gollan, J. L.
(2003). Suppressing Hepatitis B without Resistance -- So Far, So Good. NEJM
348: 848-850
[Full Text]
Abdelhamed, A. M., Kelley, C. M., Miller, T. G., Furman, P. A., Cable, E. E., Isom, H. C.
(2003). Comparison of Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activities of Lamivudine and Clevudine by a Quantitative Assay. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
47: 324-336
[Abstract][Full Text]
Oksuzoglu, B., Kilickap, S., Yalcin, S.
(2002). Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pancreatic Cancer: a Case Report. Jpn J Clin Oncol
32: 543-545
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kamiya, N., Kubota, A., Iwase, Y., Sekiya, K., Ubasawa, M., Yuasa, S.
(2002). Antiviral Activities of MCC-478, a Novel and Specific Inhibitor of Hepatitis B Virus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
46: 2872-2877
[Abstract][Full Text]
Delaney, W. E. IV, Edwards, R., Colledge, D., Shaw, T., Furman, P., Painter, G., Locarnini, S.
(2002). Phenylpropenamide Derivatives AT-61 and AT-130 Inhibit Replication of Wild-Type and Lamivudine-Resistant Strains of Hepatitis B Virus In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
46: 3057-3060
[Abstract][Full Text]
Levine, S., Hernandez, D., Yamanaka, G., Zhang, S., Rose, R., Weinheimer, S., Colonno, R. J.
(2002). Efficacies of Entecavir against Lamivudine-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus Replication and Recombinant Polymerases In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
46: 2525-2532
[Abstract][Full Text]
NIESTERS, H. G. M., DE MAN, R. A., PAS, S. D., FRIES, E., OSTERHAUS, A. D. M. E.
(2002). Identification of a new variant in the YMDD motif of the hepatitis B virus polymerase gene selected during lamivudine therapy. J Med Microbiol
51: 695-699
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brook, M G
(2002). Sexually acquired hepatitis. Sex. Transm. Infect.
78: 235-240
[Abstract][Full Text]
Abdelhamed, A. M., Kelley, C. M., Miller, T. G., Furman, P. A., Isom, H. C.
(2002). Rebound of Hepatitis B Virus Replication in HepG2 Cells after Cessation of Antiviral Treatment. J. Virol.
76: 8148-8160
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shibolet, O., Ilan, Y., Gillis, S., Hubert, A., Shouval, D., Safadi, R.
(2002). Lamivudine therapy for prevention of immunosuppressive-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Blood
100: 391-396
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gish, R. G., Leung, N. W. Y., Wright, T. L., Trinh, H., Lang, W., Kessler, H. A., Fang, L., Wang, L. H., Delehanty, J., Rigney, A., Mondou, E., Snow, A., Rousseau, F.
(2002). Dose Range Study of Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Preliminary Antiviral Activity of Emtricitabine in Adults with Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
46: 1734-1740
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jonas, M. M., Kelley, D. A., Mizerski, J., Badia, I. B., Areias, J. A., Schwarz, K. B., Little, N. R., Greensmith, M. J., Gardner, S. D., Bell, M. S., Sokal, E. M., the International Pediatric Lamivudine Investigato,
(2002). Clinical Trial of Lamivudine in Children with Chronic Hepatitis B. NEJM
346: 1706-1713
[Abstract][Full Text]
Frist, W. H.
(2002). Federal Funding for Biomedical Research: Commitment and Benefits. JAMA
287: 1722-1724
[Full Text]
Di Bisceglie, A M
(2002). Combination therapy for hepatitis B. Gut
50: 443-445
[Abstract][Full Text]
Delmas, J., Schorr, O., Jamard, C., Gibbs, C., Trepo, C., Hantz, O., Zoulim, F.
(2002). Inhibitory Effect of Adefovir on Viral DNA Synthesis and Covalently Closed Circular DNA Formation in Duck Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Hepatocytes In Vivo and In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
46: 425-433
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chin, R., Shaw, T., Torresi, J., Sozzi, V., Trautwein, C., Bock, T., Manns, M., Isom, H., Furman, P., Locarnini, S.
(2001). In Vitro Susceptibilities of Wild-Type or Drug-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus to ({-})-{beta}-D-2,6-Diaminopurine Dioxolane and 2'-Fluoro-5-Methyl-{beta}-L-Arabinofuranosyluracil. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
45: 2495-2501
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lee, J.-Y., Culvenor, J. G., Angus, P., Smallwood, R., Nicoll, A., Locarnini, S.
(2001). Duck Hepatitis B Virus Replication in Primary Bile Duct Epithelial Cells. J. Virol.
75: 7651-7661
[Abstract][Full Text]
Delaney, W. E. IV, Edwards, R., Colledge, D., Shaw, T., Torresi, J., Miller, T. G., Isom, H. C., Bock, C. T., Manns, M. P., Trautwein, C., Locarnini, S.
(2001). Cross-Resistance Testing of Antihepadnaviral Compounds Using Novel Recombinant Baculoviruses Which Encode Drug-Resistant Strains of Hepatitis B Virus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
45: 1705-1713
[Abstract][Full Text]
Köck, J., Nassal, M., MacNelly, S., Baumert, T. F., Blum, H. E., von Weizsäcker, F.
(2001). Efficient Infection of Primary Tupaia Hepatocytes with Purified Human and Woolly Monkey Hepatitis B Virus. J. Virol.
75: 5084-5089
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gupta, S., Piraka, C., Jaffe, M.
(2001). Lamivudine in the Treatment of Polyarteritis Nodosa Associated with Acute Hepatitis B. NEJM
344: 1645-1646
[Full Text]
Le Guerhier, F., Pichoud, C., Jamard, C., Guerret, S., Chevallier, M., Peyrol, S., Hantz, O., King, I., Trépo, C., Cheng, Y.-C., Zoulim, F.
(2001). Antiviral Activity of {beta}-L-2',3'-Dideoxy-2',3'-Didehydro-5-Fluorocytidine in Woodchucks Chronically Infected with Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
45: 1065-1077
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bryant, M. L., Bridges, E. G., Placidi, L., Faraj, A., Loi, A.-G., Pierra, C., Dukhan, D., Gosselin, G., Imbach, J.-L., Hernandez, B., Juodawlkis, A., Tennant, B., Korba, B., Cote, P., Marion, P., Cretton-Scott, E., Schinazi, R. F., Sommadossi, J.-P.
(2001). Antiviral L-Nucleosides Specific for Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
45: 229-235
[Abstract][Full Text]
Reshef, R., Sbeit, W., Tur-Kaspa, R.
(2000). Lamivudine in the Treatment of Acute Hepatitis B. NEJM
343: 1123-1124
[Full Text]
Malik, A. H., Lee, W. M.
(2000). Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Treatment Strategies for the Next Millennium. ANN INTERN MED
132: 723-731
[Abstract][Full Text]
Verhelst, D., Goffin, E., Dienstag, J. L., Brown, N. A., Woessner, M.
(2000). Lamivudine for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B. NEJM
342: 592-592
[Full Text]
(1999). Lamivudine Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B in U.S. Patients. JWatch Infect. Diseases
1999: 15-15
[Full Text]
(1999). Lamivudine for Chronic Hepatitis B. JWatch General
1999: 1-1
[Full Text]
Previous
