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A little over 100 years ago, Rehn made the seminal observation that there was a high incidence of bladder cancer among workers exposed to aniline dyes. The subsequent identification of the carcinogens used in the manufacture of these dyes led to the first successful control of cancer by epidemiologic means. In the United States, in 1998 there were 54,000 cases of cancer of the bladder and 12,500 deaths from this disease. The wide discrepancy between incidence and mortality is accounted for by the prevalence of superficial tumors. Such tumors frequently recur, but only 20 percent progress and invade the bladder
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