Labor is the physiologic process by which a fetus is expelledfrom the uterus to the outside world. Labor is defined as anincrease in myometrial activity or, more precisely, a switchin the pattern of myometrial contractility from irregular contractures(long-lasting, low-frequency activity) to regular contractions(high-intensity, high-frequency activity),1 resulting in effacementand dilatation of the uterine cervix. In normal labor, thereappears to be a time-dependent relation between the biochemicalchanges in the connective tissue in the cervix that usuallyprecede uterine contractions and cervical dilatation. All theseevents usually occur before the spontaneous rupture of the fetal. . . [Full Text of this Article]
Labor at Term
The Endocrine Control of Labor at Term
Preterm Labor
Predictive Factors
Management
Conclusions
Source Information
From the Division of MaternalFetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.R.N., J.N.R.); and the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.R.G.C.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Norwitz at the Division of MaternalFetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, or at ernorwitz@bics.bwh.harvard.edu.
References
Related Letters:
The Control of Labor
Pryde P. G., Mittendorf R., Norwitz E. R., Robinson J. N.
Extract |
Full Text
N Engl J Med 1999;
341:2098-2099, Dec 30, 1999.
Correspondence
This article has been cited by other articles:
Zhang, J., Sundaram, R., Sun, W., Troendle, J.
(2008). Fetal Growth and Timing of Parturition in Humans. Am J Epidemiol
168: 946-951
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rey, G., Skowronek, F., Alciaturi, J., Alonso, J., Bertoni, B., Sapiro, R.
(2008). Toll receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and its association with preterm birth and premature rupture of membranes in a South American population. Mol Hum Reprod
14: 555-559
[Abstract][Full Text]
Latendresse, G., Ruiz, R. J.
(2008). Bioassay Research Methodology: Measuring CRH in Pregnancy. Biol Res Nurs
10: 54-62
[Abstract]
Edison, R. J., Berg, K., Remaley, A., Kelley, R., Rotimi, C., Stevenson, R. E., Muenke, M.
(2007). Adverse Birth Outcome Among Mothers With Low Serum Cholesterol. Pediatrics
120: 723-733
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lyell, D. J., Pullen, K., Campbell, L., Ching, S., Druzin, M. L., Chitkara, U., Burrs, D., Caughey, A. B., El-Sayed, Y. Y.
(2007). Magnesium Sulfate Compared With Nifedipine for Acute Tocolysis of Preterm Labor: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol
110: 61-67
[Abstract][Full Text]
Turan, O. M., Turan, S., Funai, E. F., Buhimschi, I. A., Copel, J. A., Buhimschi, C. S.
(2007). Fetal Adrenal Gland Volume: A Novel Method to Identify Women at Risk for Impending Preterm Birth. Obstet Gynecol
109: 855-862
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shimizu, S., Tahara, M., Ogata, S., Hashimoto, K., Morishige, K., Tasaka, K., Murata, Y.
(2007). Involvement of nuclear factor-kB activation through RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in LPS-induced IL-8 production in human cervical stromal cells. Mol Hum Reprod
13: 181-187*
[Abstract][Full Text]
Yang, R., You, X., Tang, X., Gao, L., Ni, X.
(2006). Corticotropin-releasing hormone inhibits progesterone production in cultured human placental trophoblasts. J Mol Endocrinol
37: 533-540
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grimes, D. A., Nanda, K.
(2006). Magnesium sulfate tocolysis: time to quit.. Obstet Gynecol
108: 986-989
[Abstract][Full Text]
Carvajal, J. A., Vidal, R. J., Cuello, M. A., Poblete, J. A., Weiner, C. P.
(2006). Mechanisms of Paracrine Regulation by Fetal Membranes of Human Uterine Quiescence. Reproductive Sciences
13: 343-349
[Abstract]
Meyer, M., Pflum, J., Howard, D.
(2005). Outpatient Misoprostol Compared With Dinoprostone Gel for Preinduction Cervical Ripening: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol
105: 466-472
[Abstract][Full Text]
Farina, L., Winkelman, C.
(2005). A Review of the Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Labor and Noninfectious Preterm Labor. Biol Res Nurs
6: 230-238
[Abstract]
Durlach, J.
(2004). New Data on the Importance of Gestational Mg Deficiency. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
23: 694S-700S
[Abstract][Full Text]
Turner, M. A., Vause, S., Greenwood, S. L.
(2004). The Regulation of Interleukin-6 Secretion by Prostanoids and Members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily in Fresh Villous Fragments of Term Human Placenta. Reproductive Sciences
11: 141-148
[Abstract]
Ayres, A. W., Carr, D. W., McConnell, D. S., Lieberman, R. W., Smith, G. D.
(2003). Expression and Intracellular Localization of Protein Phosphatases 2A and 2B, Protein Kinase A, A-Kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP79), and Binding of the Regulatory (RII) Subunit of Protein Kinase A to AKAP79 in Human Myometrium. Reproductive Sciences
10: 428-437
[Abstract]
Chanrachakul, B., Matharoo-Ball, B., Turner, A., Robinson, G., Broughton-Pipkin, F., Arulkumaran, S., Khan, R. N.
(2003). Reduced Expression of Immunoreactive {beta}2-Adrenergic Receptor Protein in Human Myometrium with Labor. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
88: 4997-5001
[Abstract][Full Text]
Smith, G. C S, Pell, J. P, Dobbie, R.
(2003). Interpregnancy interval and risk of preterm birth and neonatal death: retrospective cohort study. BMJ
327: 313-
[Abstract][Full Text]
Smuts, C. M., Huang, M., Mundy, D., Plasse, T., Major, S., Carlson, S. E.
(2003). A Randomized Trial of Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol
101: 469-479
[Abstract][Full Text]
Garfield, R. E., Maul, H., Maner, W., Fittkow, C., Olson, G., Shi, L., Saade, G. R.
(2002). Uterine Electromyography and Light-Induced Fluorescence in the Management of Term and Preterm Labor. Reproductive Sciences
9: 265-275
[Abstract]
Kiguchi, S., Matsuda, T., Cho, K., Okuyama, K., Akahane, M., Fujimoto, S.
(2002). KUR-1246, a Novel {beta}2-Adrenoceptor Agonist, as a Tocolytic Agent. Obstet Gynecol
100: 487-494
[Abstract][Full Text]
Romero, R., Kuivaniemi, H., Tromp, G.
(2002). Functional Genomics and Proteomics in Term and Preterm Parturition. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
87: 2431-2434
[Full Text]
Reis, F. M., D'Antona, D., Petraglia, F.
(2002). Predictive Value of Hormone Measurements in Maternal and Fetal Complications of Pregnancy. Endocr. Rev.
23: 230-257
[Abstract][Full Text]
Young, A., Thomson, A. J., Ledingham, M., Jordan, F., Greer, I. A., Norman, J. E.
(2002). Immunolocalization of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Myometrium, Cervix, and Fetal Membranes During Human Parturition at Term. Biol. Reprod.
66: 445-449
[Abstract][Full Text]
Inder, W. J., Prickett, T. C. R., Ellis, M. J., Hull, L., Reid, R., Benny, P. S., Livesey, J. H., Donald, R. A.
(2001). The Utility of Plasma CRH as a Predictor of Preterm Delivery. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
86: 5706-5710
[Abstract][Full Text]
Richardson, D. K.
(2001). A Woman With an Extremely Premature Newborn. JAMA
286: 1498-1505
[Full Text]
Carvajal, J. A., Buhimschi, I. A., Thompson, L. P., Aguan, K., Weiner, C. P.
(2001). Chorion releases a factor that inhibits oxytocin-stimulated myometrial contractility in the pregnant guinea pig. Hum Reprod
16: 638-643
[Abstract][Full Text]
Weiss, G.
(2000). Endocrinology of Parturition. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
85: 4421-4425
[Full Text]
Challis, J. R.G., Matthews, S. G., Gibb, W., Lye, S. J.
(2000). Endocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Birth at Term and Preterm. Endocr. Rev.
21: 514-550
[Abstract][Full Text]
HEINE, R. P., MCGREGOR, J. A., GOODWIN, T. M., ARTAL, R., HAYASHI, R. H., ROBERTSON, P. A., VARNER, M. W.
(2000). Serial Salivary Estriol to Detect an Increased Risk of Preterm Birth. Obstet Gynecol
96: 490-497
[Abstract][Full Text]
SCUDIERO, R., KHOSHNOOD, B., PRYDE, P. G., LEE, K.-S., WALL, S., MITTENDORF, R.
(2000). Perinatal Death and Tocolytic Magnesium Sulfate. Obstet Gynecol
96: 178-182
[Abstract][Full Text]
Naghashpour, M., Dahl, G.
(2000). Sensitivity of myometrium to CGRP varies during mouse estrous cycle and in response to progesterone. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.
278: C561-C569
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pryde, P. G., Mittendorf, R., Norwitz, E. R., Robinson, J. N.
(1999). The Control of Labor. NEJM
341: 2098-2099
[Full Text]