Enterococci are best known as antibiotic-resistant opportunisticpathogens that are commonly recovered from patients who havereceived multiple courses of antibiotics and have been hospitalizedfor prolonged periods.1,2,3,4,5,6 These organisms were wellestablished as a cause of endocarditis and urinary tract infectionsby the early 1900s,3 and members of the species Enterococcusfaecalis were known to be a common cause of nosocomial infectionsby the early 1980s.3,7,8,9 The emergence of enterococci withresistance to vancomycin, seen predominantly in the speciesE. faecium, has been followed by an increase in the frequencywith which this species is recovered.10 Of all enterococcal. . . [Full Text of this Article]
Historical Aspects of Enterococci and Their Resistance to Antibiotics
Intrinsic Resistance of Enterococci
Acquired Resistance to ß-Lactams and Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycoside Resistance
ß-Lactam Resistance
Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococci
Genes and Mechanism of Vancomycin Resistance
Mobility of Elements Containing Genes for Vancomycin Resistance
Epidemiologic Aspects
Colonization and Infection
ß-Lactam Antibiotics, with or without Aminoglycosides
Glycopeptide, Glycopeptide plus ß-Lactam, and Double ß-Lactam Combinations, with or without an Aminoglycoside
Gyrase Inhibitors
Other Drugs
Newer Drugs
Colonization
Control Efforts
Source Information
From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and the Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging Pathogens, University of Texas Medical School, Houston.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Murray at the University of Texas Medical School–Houston, 6431 Fannin, JFB 1.728, Houston, TX 77030, or at infdis@heart.med.uth.tmc.edu.
References
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