In human tissues, normal homeostasis requires intricately balancedinteractions between cells and the network of secreted proteinsknown as the extracellular matrix. These cooperative interactionsinvolve numerous cytokines acting through specific cell-surfacereceptors. When the balance between the cells and the extracellularmatrix is perturbed, disease can result. This is clearly evidentin the interactions mediated by the cytokine transforming growthfactor ß (TGF-ß).
TGF-ß is a member of a family of dimeric polypeptidegrowth factors that includes bone morphogenic proteins and activins.All of these growth factors share a cluster of conserved cysteineresidues that form a common cysteine . . . [Full Text of this Article]
TGF-ß Signaling
Role of TGF-ß in Cancer
Cell-Cycle Regulation and Effects on Proliferation
Effects on Metastasis
Effects on Angiogenesis
Immunosuppressive Effects
TGF-ß as a Tumor Suppressor in Transgenic Mice
TGF-ß as a Tumor Suppressor in Human Cancer
Role of TGF-ß in Tumor Progression
Role of TGF-ß in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Role of TGF-ß in Fibrotic Disease
Role of TGF-ß in Atherosclerosis
Role of TGF-ß in Development
Implications for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Human Diseases
Implications for the Treatment of Human Diseases
Source Information
From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge Mass. (G.C.B., W.P.S., H.F.L.); the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. (H.F.L.); and the Department of Adult Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, and the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C.B.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Lodish at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Ctr., Cambridge, MA 02142, or at lodish@wi.mit.edu.
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A correction has been published: N Engl J Med 2000;343(3):228.
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