FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 342:1471-1477 May 18, 2000 Number 20 Next

	Full Text PDF Editorial by Heffner, J. E. Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Continuous infusions of sedative drugs in the intensive care unit may prolong the duration of mechanical ventilation, prolong the length of stay in the intensive care unit and the hospital, impede efforts to perform daily neurologic examinations, and increase the need for tests to assess alterations in mental status. Whether regular interruption of such infusions might accelerate recovery is not known.

Methods We conducted a randomized, controlled trial involving 128 adult patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation and continuous infusions of sedative drugs in a medical intensive care unit. In the intervention group, the sedative infusions were interrupted until the patients were awake, on a daily basis; in the control group, the infusions were interrupted only at the discretion of the clinicians in the intensive care unit.

Results The median duration of mechanical ventilation was 4.9 days in the intervention group, as compared with 7.3 days in the control group (P=0.004), and the median length of stay in the intensive care unit was 6.4 days as compared with 9.9 days, respectively (P=0.02). Six of the patients in the intervention group (9 percent) underwent diagnostic testing to assess changes in mental status, as compared with 16 of the patients in the control group (27 percent, P=0.02). Complications (e.g., removal of the endotracheal tube by the patient) occurred in three of the patients in the intervention group (4 percent) and four of the patients in the control group (7 percent, P=0.88).

Conclusions In patients who are receiving mechanical ventilation, daily interruption of sedative-drug infusions decreases the duration of mechanical ventilation and the length of stay in the intensive care unit.

Source Information

From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care (J.P.K., A.S.P., J.B.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care (M.F.O., J.B.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Hall at the University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, MC 6026, Chicago IL 60637, or at jhall{at}medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Daily Interruption of Sedative Infusions in Critically Ill Patients
Hong J. J., Mazuski J. E., Shapiro M. J., Riker R. R., Fraser G. L., Kress J. P., Hall J. B.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 2000; 343:814-815, Sep 14, 2000. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Needham, D. M. (2008). Mobilizing Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: Improving Neuromuscular Weakness and Physical Function. JAMA 300: 1685-1690 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lu, C.-H., Man, K.-M., Ou-Yang, H.-Y., Chan, S.-M., Ho, S.-T., Wong, C.-S., Liaw, W.-J. (2008). Composite Auditory Evoked Potential Index Versus Bispectral Index to Estimate the Level of Sedation in Paralyzed Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Observational Study. Anesth. Analg. 107: 1290-1294 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Williams, T. A., Martin, S., Leslie, G., Thomas, L., Leen, T., Tamaliunas, S., Lee, K. Y., Dobb, G. (2008). Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in an Adult Intensive Care Unit After Introduction of Sedation and Pain Scales. Am J Crit Care 17: 349-356 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Masterton, R. G., Galloway, A., French, G., Street, M., Armstrong, J., Brown, E., Cleverley, J., Dilworth, P., Fry, C., Gascoigne, A. D., Knox, A., Nathwani, D., Spencer, R., Wilcox, M. (2008). Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the UK: Report of the Working Party on Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 62: 5-34 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kilpatrick, K. (2008). Spontaneous awakening trials plus spontaneous breathing trials improved weaning from mechanical ventilation. Evid. Based Nurs. 11: 81-81 [Full Text]  
• Playfor, S. D. (2008). Analgesia and sedation in critically ill children. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 8: 90-94 [Full Text]  
• Barletta, J. F., Devlin, J. W. (2008). Sedation With Dexmedetomidine vs Lorazepam in Mechanically Ventilated Patients. JAMA 299: 1541-1542 [Full Text]  
• Rowe, K., Fletcher, S. (2008). Sedation in the intensive care unit. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 8: 50-55 [Full Text]  
• Marshall, J. C. (2008). Sepsis: rethinking the approach to clinical research. J. Leukoc. Biol. 83: 471-482 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sessler, C. N., Varney, K. (2008). Patient-Focused Sedation and Analgesia in the ICU. Chest 133: 552-565 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pandharipande, P. P., Pun, B. T., Herr, D. L., Maze, M., Girard, T. D., Miller, R. R., Shintani, A. K., Thompson, J. L., Jackson, J. C., Deppen, S. A., Stiles, R. A., Dittus, R. S., Bernard, G. R., Ely, E. W. (2007). Effect of Sedation With Dexmedetomidine vs Lorazepam on Acute Brain Dysfunction in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: The MENDS Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 298: 2644-2653 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Klompas, M., Platt, R. (2007). Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia The Wrong Quality Measure for Benchmarking. ANN INTERN MED 147: 803-805 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lorente, L., Blot, S., Rello, J. (2007). Evidence on measures for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 30: 1193-1207 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fong, J. J, Kanji, S., Dasta, J. F, Garpestad, E., Devlin, J. W (2007). Propofol Associated with a Shorter Duration of Mechanical Ventilation than Scheduled Intermittent Lorazepam: A Database Analysis Using Project IMPACT. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 41: 1986-1991 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mackenzie, I., Lever, A. (2007). Management of sepsis. BMJ 335: 929-932 [Full Text]  
• Kahn, J. M, Brake, H., Steinberg, K. P (2007). Intensivist physician staffing and the process of care in academic medical centres. Qual Saf Health Care 16: 329-333 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shorr, A. F., Corwin, H. L. (2007). Transfusion in Critical Care: Where Do We Go From Here?. Chest 132: 1105-1106 [Full Text]  
• Halpern, S. D., Ubel, P. A., Asch, D. A. (2007). Harnessing the Power of Default Options to Improve Health Care. NEJM 357: 1340-1344 [Full Text]  
• Malhotra, A. (2007). Low-Tidal-Volume Ventilation in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. NEJM 357: 1113-1120 [Full Text]  
• Augustyn, B. (2007). Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Risk Factors and Prevention. Crit Care Nurse 27: 32-39 [Full Text]  
• Pun, B. T., Ely, E. W. (2007). The Importance of Diagnosing and Managing ICU Delirium. Chest 132: 624-636 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Angus, D. C. (2007). Caring for the Critically Ill Patient: Challenges and Opportunities. JAMA 298: 456-458 [Full Text]  
• Chan, K. P. W., Stewart, T. E., Mehta, S. (2007). High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation for Adult Patients With ARDS. Chest 131: 1907-1916 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boles, J-M., Bion, J., Connors, A., Herridge, M., Marsh, B., Melot, C., Pearl, R., Silverman, H., Stanchina, M., Vieillard-Baron, A., Welte, T. (2007). Weaning from mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 29: 1033-1056 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cho, H. H., O'Connell, J. P., Cooney, M. F., Inchiosa, M. A. JR (2007). Minimizing tolerance and withdrawal to prolonged pediatric sedation: case report and review of the literature.. J Intensive Care Med 22: 173-179 [Abstract]  
• Bolton, C. F., Young, G. B. (2007). Managing the Nervous System Effects of Sepsis. Chest 131: 1273-1274 [Full Text]  
• Schweickert, W. D., Hall, J. (2007). ICU-Acquired Weakness. Chest 131: 1541-1549 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Girard, T. D., Bernard, G. R. (2007). Mechanical Ventilation in ARDS: A State-of-the-Art Review. Chest 131: 921-929 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baxter, A. D., Kanji, S. (2007). Protocol implementation in anesthesia: beta-blockade in non-cardiac surgery patients: [Application d'un protocole en anesthesie : les beta-bloquants chez les patients en chirurgie non cardiaque]. Canadian J. Anesthesia 54: 114-123 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bryan-Brown, C. W. (2007). My First 50 Years of Critical Care (1956-2006). Am J Crit Care 16: 12-16 [Full Text]  
• Park, G., Lane, M., Rogers, S., Bassett, P. (2007). A comparison of hypnotic and analgesic based sedation in a general intensive care unit. Br J Anaesth 98: 76-82 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mazzoni, M., De Maria, R., Bortone, F., Parolini, M., Ceriani, R., Solinas, C., Arena, V., Parodi, O. (2006). Long-Term Outcome of Survivors of Prolonged Intensive Care Treatment After Cardiac Surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 82: 2080-2087 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Haenggi, M., Ypparila, H., Hauser, K., Caviezel, C., Korhonen, I., Takala, J., Jakob, S. M. (2006). The Effects of Dexmedetomidine/Remifentanil and Midazolam/Remifentanil on Auditory-Evoked Potentials and Electroencephalogram at Light-to-Moderate Sedation Levels in Healthy Subjects. Anesth. Analg. 103: 1163-1169 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Russell, J. A. (2006). Management of Sepsis. NEJM 355: 1699-1713 [Full Text]  
• Koenig, S. M., Truwit, J. D. (2006). Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19: 637-657 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shorr, A. F., Bodi, M., Rodriguez, A., Sole-Violan, J., Garnacho-Montero, J., Rello, J., for the CAPUCI Study Investigators, (2006). Impact of antibiotic guideline compliance on duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients with community-acquired pneumonia.. Chest 130: 93-100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Davis, K. A. (2006). Ventilator-associated pneumonia: a review.. J Intensive Care Med 21: 211-226 [Abstract]  
• The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acut, (2006). Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome.. NEJM 354: 1671-1684 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Keroack, M. A., Cerese, J., Cuny, J., Bankowitz, R., Neikirk, H. J., Pingleton, S. K. (2006). The relationship between evidence-based practices and survival in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation in academic medical centers.. American Journal of Medical Quality 21: 91-100 [Abstract]  
• Hunter, J D (2006). Ventilator associated pneumonia.. Postgrad. Med. J. 82: 172-178 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• De Jong, M. M. J., Burns, S. M., Campbell, M. L., Chulay, M., Grap, M. J., Pierce, L. N.B., Simpson, T. (2005). Development of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses' Sedation Assessment Scale for Critically Ill Patients. Am J Crit Care 14: 531-544 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rudis, M. I., Rowland, K. L. (2005). Current Concepts in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 18: 351-362 [Abstract]  
• Roustan, J.-P., Valette, S., Aubas, P., Rondouin, G., Capdevila, X. (2005). Can Electroencephalographic Analysis Be Used to Determine Sedation Levels in Critically Ill Patients?. Anesth. Analg. 101: 1141-1151 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nortvedt, P., Kvarstein, G., Jonland, I. (2005). Sedation of Patients in Intensive Care Medicine and Nursing: ethical issues. Nurs Ethics 12: 522-536 [Abstract]  
• Sierra, R., Benitez, E., Leon, C., Rello, J. (2005). Prevention and Diagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Survey on Current Practices in Southern Spanish ICUs. Chest 128: 1667-1673 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Burns, S. M. (2005). Mechanical Ventilation of Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Patients Requiring Weaning: The Evidence Guiding Practice. Crit Care Nurse 25: 14-23 [Full Text]  
• Weissman, C. (2005). Sedation and Neuromuscular Blockade in the ICU. Chest 128: 477-479 [Full Text]  
• Arroliga, A., Frutos-Vivar, F., Hall, J., Esteban, A., Apezteguia, C., Soto, L., Anzueto, A., for the International Mechanical Ventilation Study, (2005). Use of Sedatives and Neuromuscular Blockers in a Cohort of Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation. Chest 128: 496-506 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Garland, A. (2005). Improving the ICU: Part 2. Chest 127: 2165-2179 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bell, D. D., Brindley, P. G., Forrest, D., Muslim, O. A., Zygun, D. (2005). Management following resuscitation from cardiac arrest: recommendations from the 2003 Rocky Mountain Critical Care Conference: [Conduite a tenir apres la reanimation post-arret cardiaque : recommendations de la conference du Rocky Mountain Critical Care 2003]. Canadian J. Anesthesia 52: 309-322 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Green, T., Gidron, Y., Friger, M., Almog, Y. (2005). Relative-Assessed Psychological Factors Predict Sedation Requirement in Critically Ill Patients. Psychosom. Med. 67: 295-300 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Levy, M. M., Baylor, M. S., Bernard, G. R., Fowler, R., Franks, T. J., Hayden, F. G., Helfand, R., Lapinsky, S. E., Martin, T. R., Niederman, M. S., Rubenfeld, G. D., Slutsky, A. S., Stewart, T. E., Styrt, B. A., Thompson, B. T., Harabin, A. L. (2005). Clinical Issues and Research in Respiratory Failure from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171: 518-526 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2005). Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired, Ventilator-associated, and Healthcare-associated Pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171: 388-416 [Full Text]  
• Voils, S. A., Kim, K. S., Wittbrodt, E. T. (2005). Recent Trends in the Management of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 18: 53-62 [Abstract]  
• Estenssoro, E., Gonzalez, F., Laffaire, E., Canales, H., Saenz, G., Reina, R., Dubin, A. (2005). Shock on Admission Day Is the Best Predictor of Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU. Chest 127: 598-603 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tonelli, M. R. (2005). Waking the Dying: Must We Always Attempt To Involve Critically Ill Patients in End-of-Life Decisions?. Chest 127: 637-642 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jackson, W L Jr, Gallagher, C, Myhand, R C, Waselenko, J K (2005). Medical management of patients with multiple organ dysfunction arising from acute radiation syndrome. Br. J. Radiol. Supplement_27: 161-168 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sessler, C. N. (2004). Sedation Scales in the ICU. Chest 126: 1727-1730 [Full Text]  
• Weinert, C., McFarland, L. (2004). The State of Intubated ICU Patients: Development of a Two-Dimensional Sedation Rating Scale for Critically Ill Adults. Chest 126: 1883-1890 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Haenggi, M., Ypparila, H., Takala, J., Korhonen, I., Luginbuhl, M., Petersen-Felix, S., Jakob, S. M. (2004). Measuring Depth of Sedation with Auditory Evoked Potentials During Controlled Infusion of Propofol and Remifentanil in Healthy Volunteers. Anesth. Analg. 99: 1728-1736 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Restrepo, R. D., Fortenberry, J. D., Spainhour, C., Stockwell, J., Goodfellow, L. T. (2004). Protocol-Driven Ventilator Management in Children: Comparison to Nonprotocol Care. J Intensive Care Med 19: 274-284 [Abstract]  
• Vincent, J.-L. (2004). Evidence-Based Medicine in the ICU: Important Advances and Limitations. Chest 126: 592-600 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schrier, R. W., Wang, W. (2004). Acute Renal Failure and Sepsis. NEJM 351: 159-169 [Full Text]  
• Brattebo, G, Hofoss, D, Flaatten, H, Muri, A K, Gjerde, S, Plsek, P E (2004). Effect of a scoring system and protocol for sedation on duration of patients' need for ventilator support in a surgical intensive care unit. Qual Saf Health Care 13: 203-205 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rodriguez, R. A. (2004). Human Auditory Evoked Potentials in the Assessment of Brain Function During Major Cardiovascular Surgery. SEMIN CARDIOTHORAC VASC ANESTH 8: 85-99 [Abstract]  
• Nirmalan, M., Dark, P. M., Nightingale, P., Harris, J. (2004). Editorial IV: Physical and pharmacological restraint of critically ill patients: clinical facts and ethical considerations. Br J Anaesth 92: 789-792 [Full Text]  
• Walsh, T. S., Dodds, S., McArdle, F. (2004). Evaluation of simple criteria to predict successful weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care patients. Br J Anaesth 92: 793-799 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gorman, T., Bernard, F., Marquis, F., Dagenais, P., Skrobik, Y. (2004). Best evidence in critical care medicine: Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Canadian J. Anesthesia 51: 492-493 [Full Text]  
• Ely, E. W., Shintani, A., Truman, B., Speroff, T., Gordon, S. M., Harrell, F. E. Jr, Inouye, S. K., Bernard, G. R., Dittus, R. S. (2004). Delirium as a Predictor of Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the Intensive Care Unit. JAMA 291: 1753-1762 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• El-Solh, A. A. (2004). Clinical Approach to the Critically Ill, Morbidly Obese Patient. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169: 557-561 [Full Text]  
• Rodrigo, G. J., Rodrigo, C., Hall, J. B. (2004). Acute Asthma in Adults: A Review. Chest 125: 1081-1102 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kress, J. P., Gehlbach, B., Lacy, M., Pliskin, N., Pohlman, A. S., Hall, J. B. (2003). The Long-term Psychological Effects of Daily Sedative Interruption on Critically Ill Patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168: 1457-1461 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Amato, M., Brochard, L., Stewart, T., Brower, R., Eichacker, P. Q., Banks, S. M., Natanson, C. (2003). Metaanalysis of Tidal Volume in ARDS. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168: 612-613 [Full Text]  
• Olson, D. M., Chioffi, S. M., Macy, G. E., Meek, L. G., Cook, H. A. (2003). Potential Benefits of Bispectral Index Monitoring in Critical Care: A Case Study. Crit Care Nurse 23: 45-52 [Full Text]  
• Angus, D. C., Crowther, M. A. (2003). Unraveling Severe Sepsis: Why Did OPTIMIST Fail and What's Next?. JAMA 290: 256-258 [Full Text]  
• de Wit, M., Epstein, S. K. (2003). Administration of Sedatives and Level of Sedation: Comparative Evaluation via the Sedation-Agitation Scale and the Bispectral Index. Am J Crit Care 12: 343-348 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ferrer, M., Esquinas, A., Arancibia, F., Bauer, T. T., Gonzalez, G., Carrillo, A., Rodriguez-Roisin, R., Torres, A. (2003). Noninvasive Ventilation during Persistent Weaning Failure: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168: 70-76 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ely, E. W., Truman, B., Shintani, A., Thomason, J. W. W., Wheeler, A. P., Gordon, S., Francis, J., Speroff, T., Gautam, S., Margolin, R., Sessler, C. N., Dittus, R. S., Bernard, G. R. (2003). Monitoring Sedation Status Over Time in ICU Patients: Reliability and Validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA 289: 2983-2991 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bryan-Brown, C. W., Dracup, K. (2003). More. Am J Crit Care 12: 185-187 [Full Text]  
• Truman, B., Ely, E. W. (2003). Monitoring Delirium in Critically Ill Patients: Using the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care Nurse 23: 25-35 [Full Text]  
• Ceriani, R., Mazzoni, M., Bortone, F., Gandini, S., Solinas, C., Susini, G., Parodi, O. (2003). Application of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score to Cardiac Surgical Patients. Chest 123: 1229-1239 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kong, K.-L., Bion, J. F. (2003). Editorial I: Sedating patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit--winds of change?. Br J Anaesth 90: 267-269 [Full Text]  
• Cox, C. E., Carson, S. S., Ely, E. W., Govert, J. A., Garrett, J. M., Brower, R. G., Morris, D. G., Abraham, E., Donnabella, V., Spevetz, A., Hall, J. B. (2003). Effectiveness of Medical Resident Education in Mechanical Ventilation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167: 32-38 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eichacker, P. Q., Gerstenberger, E. P., Banks, S. M., Cui, X., Natanson, C. (2002). Meta-Analysis of Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Trials Testing Low Tidal Volumes. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166: 1510-1514 [Full Text]  
• Parthasarathy, S., Tobin, M. J. (2002). Effect of Ventilator Mode on Sleep Quality in Critically Ill Patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166: 1423-1429 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Randolph, A. G., Wypij, D., Venkataraman, S. T., Hanson, J. H., Gedeit, R. G., Meert, K. L., Luckett, P. M., Forbes, P., Lilley, M., Thompson, J., Cheifetz, I. M., Hibberd, P., Wetzel, R., Cox, P. N., Arnold, J. H., for the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Inv, (2002). Effect of Mechanical Ventilator Weaning Protocols on Respiratory Outcomes in Infants and Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 288: 2561-2568 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Meade, M. O., Ely, E. W. (2002). Protocols to Improve the Care of Critically Ill Pediatric and Adult Patients. JAMA 288: 2601-2603 [Full Text]  
• Sessler, C. N., Gosnell, M. S., Grap, M. J., Brophy, G. M., O'Neal, P. V., Keane, K. A., Tesoro, E. P., Elswick, R. K. (2002). The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: Validity and Reliability in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166: 1338-1344 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kress, J. P., Pohlman, A. S., Hall, J. B. (2002). Sedation and Analgesia in the Intensive Care Unit. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166: 1024-1028 [Full Text]  
• Luer, J. M. (2002). Sedation and Neuromuscular Blockade in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure. Crit Care Nurse 22: 70-75 [Full Text]  
• Annis, T. D. (2002). The Interdisciplinary Team Across the Continuum of Care. Crit Care Nurse 22: 76-79 [Full Text]  
• ARABI, Y., VENKATESH, S., HADDAD, S., SHIMEMERI, A. A., MALIK, S. A. (2002). A prospective study of prolonged stay in the intensive care unit: predictors and impact on resource utilization. Int J Qual Health Care 14: 403-410 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sivak, E. D. (2002). Liberation From Mechanical Ventilation Following Heart Surgery. SEMIN CARDIOTHORAC VASC ANESTH 6: 203-217 [Abstract]  
• Brattebo, G., Hofoss, D., Flaatten, H., Muri, A. K., Gjerde, S., Plsek, P. E (2002). Quality improvement report: Effect of a scoring system and protocol for sedation on duration of patients' need for ventilator support in a surgical intensive care unit. BMJ 324: 1386-1389 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Messerole, E., Peine, P., Wittkopp, S., Marini, J. J., Albert, R. K. (2002). The Pragmatics of Prone Positioning. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165: 1359-1363 [Full Text]  
• Rundshagen, I., Schnabel, K., Schulte am Esch, J. (2002). Midlatency auditory evoked potentials do not allow the prediction of recovery from general anesthesia with isoflurane: [Les potentiels evoques auditifs de milatence ne permettent pas de predire la recuperation apres une anesthesie generale a l'isoflurane]. Canadian J. Anesthesia 49: 361-368 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hall, J. (2002). ""Routine"" Supportive Care in the ICU . Filtering Out the Bad News. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165: 435-437 [Full Text]