FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 342:1478-1483 May 18, 2000 Number 20 Next

	Full Text PDF Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Cardiovascular disease is common in older adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing regular dialysis, but little is known about the prevalence and extent of cardiovascular disease in children and young adults with end-stage renal disease.

Methods We used electron-beam computed tomography (CT) to screen for coronary-artery calcification in 39 young patients with end-stage renal disease who were undergoing dialysis (mean [±SD] age, 19±7 years; range, 7 to 30) and 60 normal subjects 20 to 30 years of age. In those with evidence of calcification on CT scanning, we determined its extent. The results were correlated with the patients' clinical characteristics, serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations, and other biochemical variables.

Results None of the 23 patients who were younger than 20 years of age had evidence of coronary-artery calcification, but it was present in 14 of the 16 patients who were 20 to 30 years old. Among those with calcification, the mean calcification score was 1157± 1996, and the median score was 297. By contrast, only 3 of the 60 normal subjects had calcification. As compared with the patients without coronary-artery calcification, those with calcification were older (26±3 vs. 15±5 years, P<0.001) and had been undergoing dialysis for a longer period (14±5 vs. 4±4 years, P< 0.001). The mean serum phosphorus concentration, the mean calcium–phosphorus ion product in serum, and the daily intake of calcium were higher among the patients with coronary-artery calcification. Among 10 patients with calcification who underwent follow-up CT scanning, the calcification score nearly doubled (from 125±104 to 249±216, P=0.02) over a mean period of 20±3 months.

Conclusions Coronary-artery calcification is common and progressive in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis.

Source Information

From the Departments of Medicine (W.G.G., D.S.), Radiological Sciences (J.G., C.Y., A.E., L.G.), Pediatrics (B.D.K., B.G., I.B.S.), and Biomathematics (Y.W., J.C., R.M.E.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Goodman at the Division of Nephrology, 7-155 Factor Bldg., UCLA Medical Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, or at wgoodman{at}ucla.edu.

Full Text of this Article

This article has been cited by other articles:

• LeBeouf, A., Mac-Way, F., Utescu, M. S., Chbinou, N., Douville, P., Desmeules, S., Agharazii, M. (2009). Effects of acute variation of dialysate calcium concentrations on arterial stiffness and aortic pressure waveform. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 3788-3794 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rinat, C., Becker-Cohen, R., Nir, A., Feinstein, S., Shemesh, D., Algur, N., Ben Shalom, E., Farber, B., Frishberg, Y. (2009). A comprehensive study of cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac function and vascular disease in children with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 0: gfp570v1-gfp570 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tonelli, M., Curhan, G., Pfeffer, M., Sacks, F., Thadhani, R., Melamed, M. L., Wiebe, N., Muntner, P. (2009). Relation Between Alkaline Phosphatase, Serum Phosphate, and All-Cause or Cardiovascular Mortality. Circulation 120: 1784-1792 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Morena, M., Dupuy, A.-M., Jaussent, I., Vernhet, H., Gahide, G., Klouche, K., Bargnoux, A.-S., Delcourt, C., Canaud, B., Cristol, J.-P. (2009). A cut-off value of plasma osteoprotegerin level may predict the presence of coronary artery calcifications in chronic kidney disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 3389-3397 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sabbagh, Y., O'Brien, S. P., Song, W., Boulanger, J. H., Stockmann, A., Arbeeny, C., Schiavi, S. C. (2009). Intestinal Npt2b Plays a Major Role in Phosphate Absorption and Homeostasis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20: 2348-2358 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Urbina, E. M., Williams, R. V., Alpert, B. S., Collins, R. T., Daniels, S. R., Hayman, L., Jacobson, M., Mahoney, L., Mietus-Snyder, M., Rocchini, A., Steinberger, J., McCrindle, B., on behalf of the American Heart Association Athero, (2009). Noninvasive Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Children and Adolescents: Recommendations for Standard Assessment for Clinical Research: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 54: 919-950 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jamal, S. A., Fitchett, D., Lok, C. E., Mendelssohn, D. C., Tsuyuki, R. T. (2009). The effects of calcium-based versus non-calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 3168-3174 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Johnson, D. W. (2009). Sevelamer versus calcium-based phosphate binders in chronic kidney disease: what should we conclude from the evidence to date?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 2970-2972 [Full Text]  
• Ix, J. H., Katz, R., De Boer, I. H., Kestenbaum, B. R., Allison, M. A., Siscovick, D. S., Newman, A. B., Sarnak, M. J., Shlipak, M. G., Criqui, M. H. (2009). Association of chronic kidney disease with the spectrum of ankle brachial index the CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study).. J Am Coll Cardiol 54: 1176-1184 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Locatelli, F., Dimkovic, N., Pontoriero, G., Spasovski, G., Pljesa, S., Kostic, S., Manning, A., Sano, H., Nakajima, S. (2009). Effect of MCI-196 on serum phosphate and cholesterol levels in haemodialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 0: gfp445v1-gfp445 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eddington, H., Hurst, H., Ramli, M. T., Speake, M., Hutchison, A. J. (2009). CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM FLUX IN AUTOMATED PERITONEAL DIALYSIS. pdi 29: 536-541 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Koivuviita, N., Tertti, R., Jarvisalo, M., Pietila, M., Hannukainen, J., Sundell, J., Nuutila, P., Knuuti, J., Metsarinne, K. (2009). Increased basal myocardial perfusion in patients with chronic kidney disease without symptomatic coronary artery disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 2773-2779 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Davidovich, E., Davidovits, M., Peretz, B., Shapira, J., Aframian, D. J. (2009). The correlation between dental calculus and disturbed mineral metabolism in paediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 2439-2445 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hong Zhang, , Li, X.-Y., Yajun Si, , Xilie Lu, , Liping Chen, , Zhaoyang Liu, (2009). Manifestation of lower extremity atherosclerosis in patients with high ankle-brachial index. British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease 9: 160-164 [Abstract]  
• Parker, B. D., Ix, J. H., Cranenburg, E. C. M., Vermeer, C., Whooley, M. A., Schurgers, L. J. (2009). Association of kidney function and uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein: Data from the Heart and Soul Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 2095-2101 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mizobuchi, M., Towler, D., Slatopolsky, E. (2009). Vascular Calcification: The Killer of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20: 1453-1464 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hage, F. G., Venkataraman, R., Zoghbi, G. J., Perry, G. J., DeMattos, A. M., Iskandrian, A. E. (2009). The scope of coronary heart disease in patients with chronic kidney disease.. J Am Coll Cardiol 53: 2129-2140 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Neven, E., Dams, G., Postnov, A., Chen, B., De Clerck, N., De Broe, M. E., D'Haese, P. C., Persy, V. (2009). Adequate phosphate binding with lanthanum carbonate attenuates arterial calcification in chronic renal failure rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 1790-1799 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Foley, R. N. (2009). Phosphate Levels and Cardiovascular Disease in the General Population. CJASN 4: 1136-1139 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shantouf, R., Kovesdy, C. P., Kim, Y., Ahmadi, N., Luna, A., Luna, C., Rambod, M., Nissenson, A. R., Budoff, M. J., Kalantar-Zadeh, K. (2009). Association of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase with Coronary Artery Calcification in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. CJASN 4: 1106-1114 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lopez, I., Mendoza, F. J., Guerrero, F., Almaden, Y., Henley, C., Aguilera-Tejero, E., Rodriguez, M. (2009). The calcimimetic AMG 641 accelerates regression of extraosseous calcification in uremic rats. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 296: F1376-F1385 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aikawa, E., Aikawa, M., Libby, P., Figueiredo, J.-L., Rusanescu, G., Iwamoto, Y., Fukuda, D., Kohler, R. H., Shi, G.-P., Jaffer, F. A., Weissleder, R. (2009). Arterial and Aortic Valve Calcification Abolished by Elastolytic Cathepsin S Deficiency in Chronic Renal Disease. Circulation 119: 1785-1794 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jara, A., Chacon, C., Burgos, M. E., Droguett, A., Valdivieso, A., Ortiz, M., Troncoso, P., Mezzano, S. (2009). Expression of gremlin, a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist,is associated with vascular calcification in uraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 1121-1129 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jean, G., Bresson, E., Terrat, J.-C., Vanel, T., Hurot, J.-M., Lorriaux, C., Mayor, B., Chazot, C. (2009). Peripheral vascular calcification in long-haemodialysis patients: associated factors and survival consequences. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 948-955 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Adragao, T., Pires, A., Birne, R., Curto, J. D., Lucas, C., Goncalves, M., Negrao, A. P. (2009). A plain X-ray vascular calcification score is associated with arterial stiffness and mortality in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 997-1002 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tentori, F., Albert, J. M., Young, E. W., Blayney, M. J., Robinson, B. M., Pisoni, R. L., Akiba, T., Greenwood, R. N., Kimata, N., Levin, N. W., Piera, L. M., Saran, R., Wolfe, R. A., Port, F. K. (2009). The survival advantage for haemodialysis patients taking vitamin D is questioned: findings from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 963-972 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Porazko, T., Kuzniar, J., Kusztal, M., Kuzniar, T. J., Weyde, W., Kuriata-Kordek, M., Klinger, M. (2009). IL-18 is involved in vascular injury in end-stage renal disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 589-596 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Adragao, T., Herberth, J., Monier-Faugere, M.-C., Branscum, A. J., Ferreira, A., Frazao, J. M., Dias Curto, J., Malluche, H. H. (2009). Low Bone Volume--A Risk Factor for Coronary Calcifications in Hemodialysis Patients. CJASN 4: 450-455 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bugnicourt, J.-M., Chillon, J.-M., Massy, Z. A, Canaple, S., Lamy, C., Deramond, H., Godefroy, O. (2009). High Prevalence of Intracranial Artery Calcification in Stroke Patients with CKD: A Retrospective Study. CJASN 4: 284-290 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McIntyre, C. W., Pai, P., Warwick, G., Wilkie, M., Toft, A. J., Hutchison, A. J. (2009). Iron-Magnesium Hydroxycarbonate (Fermagate): A Novel Non-Calcium-Containing Phosphate Binder for the Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. CJASN 4: 401-409 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Isakova, T., Gutierrez, O. M., Chang, Y., Shah, A., Tamez, H., Smith, K., Thadhani, R., Wolf, M. (2009). Phosphorus Binders and Survival on Hemodialysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20: 388-396 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, A. Y.-M. (2009). VASCULAR AND OTHER TISSUE CALCIFICATION IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS. pdi 29: S9-S14 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shroff, R. (2009). MONITORING CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN CHILDREN ON DIALYSIS. pdi 29: S173-S175 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rodriguez-Garcia, M., Gomez-Alonso, C., Naves-Diaz, M., Diaz-Lopez, J. B., Diaz-Corte, C., Cannata-Andia, J. B., the Asturias Study Group, (2009). Vascular calcifications, vertebral fractures and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 239-246 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cseprekal, O., Kis, E., Schaffer, P., Othmane, T. E. H., Fekete, B. Cs., Vannay, A., Szabo, A. J., Remport, A., Szabo, A., Tulassay, T., Reusz, G. S. (2009). Pulse wave velocity in children following renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 309-315 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Toussaint, N. D., Lau, K. K., Strauss, B. J., Polkinghorne, K. R., Kerr, P. G. (2009). Determination and Validation of Aortic Calcification Measurement from Lateral Bone Densitometry in Dialysis Patients. CJASN 4: 119-127 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Noonan, W., Koch, K., Nakane, M., Ma, J., Dixon, D., Bolin, A., Reinhart, G. (2008). Differential effects of vitamin D receptor activators on aortic calcification and pulse wave velocity in uraemic rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 3824-3830 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Honkanen, E., Kauppila, L., Wikstrom, B., Rensma, P. L., Krzesinski, J.-M., Aasarod, K., Verbeke, F., Jensen, P. B., Mattelaer, P., Volck, B., on behalf of the CORD study group, (2008). Abdominal aortic calcification in dialysis patients: results of the CORD study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 4009-4015 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Amann, K. (2008). Media Calcification and Intima Calcification Are Distinct Entities in Chronic Kidney Disease. CJASN 3: 1599-1605 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fishbane, S., Shapiro, W. B., Corry, D. B., Vicks, S. L., Roppolo, M., Rappaport, K., Ling, X., Goodman, W. G., Turner, S., Charytan, C. (2008). Cinacalcet HCl and Concurrent Low-dose Vitamin D Improves Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Dialysis Patients Compared with Vitamin D Alone: The ACHIEVE Study Results. CJASN 3: 1718-1725 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Malluche, H. H., Mawad, H., Monier-Faugere, M.-C. (2008). Effects of Treatment of Renal Osteodystrophy on Bone Histology. CJASN 3: S157-S163 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shroff, R. C., McNair, R., Figg, N., Skepper, J. N., Schurgers, L., Gupta, A., Hiorns, M., Donald, A. E., Deanfield, J., Rees, L., Shanahan, C. M. (2008). Dialysis Accelerates Medial Vascular Calcification in Part by Triggering Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis. Circulation 118: 1748-1757 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Barraclough, K. A., Stevens, L. A., Er, L., Rosenbaum, D., Brown, J., Tiwari, P., Levin, A. (2008). Coronary artery calcification scores in patients with chronic kidney disease prior to dialysis: reliability as a trial outcome measure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 3199-3205 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shroff, R. C., Shah, V., Hiorns, M. P., Schoppet, M., Hofbauer, L. C., Hawa, G., Schurgers, L. J., Singhal, A., Merryweather, I., Brogan, P., Shanahan, C., Deanfield, J., Rees, L. (2008). The circulating calcification inhibitors, fetuin-A and osteoprotegerin, but not Matrix Gla protein, are associated with vascular stiffness and calcification in children on dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 3263-3271 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arcidiacono, M. V., Cozzolino, M., Spiegel, N., Tokumoto, M., Yang, J., Lu, Y., Sato, T., Lomonte, C., Basile, C., Slatopolsky, E., Dusso, A. S. (2008). Activator Protein 2{alpha} Mediates Parathyroid TGF-{alpha} Self-Induction in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19: 1919-1928 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kobayashi, S., Oka, M., Maesato, K., Ikee, R., Mano, T., Hidekazu, M., Ohtake, T. (2008). Coronary Artery Calcification, ADMA, and Insulin Resistance in CKD Patients. CJASN 3: 1289-1295 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hsu, J. J., Tintut, Y., Demer, L. L. (2008). Vitamin D and Osteogenic Differentiation in the Artery Wall. CJASN 3: 1542-1547 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mehrotra, R., Martin, K. J., Fishbane, S., Sprague, S. M., Zeig, S., Anger, M., for the Fosrenol Overview Research Evaluation Stud, (2008). Higher Strength Lanthanum Carbonate Provides Serum Phosphorus Control With a Low Tablet Burden and Is Preferred by Patients and Physicians: A Multicenter Study. CJASN 3: 1437-1445 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rohrscheib, M. R., Myers, O. B., Servilla, K. S., Adams, C. D., Miskulin, D., Bedrick, E. J., Hunt, W. C., Lindsey, D. E., Gabaldon, D., Zager, P. G., for the DCI Medical Directors, (2008). Age-related Blood Pressure Patterns and Blood Pressure Variability among Hemodialysis Patients. CJASN 3: 1407-1414 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• London, G. M., Marchais, S. J., Guerin, A. P., Boutouyrie, P., Metivier, F., de Vernejoul, M.-C. (2008). Association of Bone Activity, Calcium Load, Aortic Stiffness, and Calcifications in ESRD. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19: 1827-1835 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schlieper, G., Hristov, M., Brandenburg, V., Kruger, T., Westenfeld, R., Mahnken, A. H., Yagmur, E., Boecker, G., Heussen, N., Gladziwa, U., Ketteler, M., Weber, C., Floege, J. (2008). Predictors of low circulating endothelial progenitor cell numbers in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 2611-2618 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nakamura, M., Marui, Y., Ubara, Y., Nakanishi, S., Takemoto, F., Takaichi, K., Tomikawa, S. (2008). Effects of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy on subsequent surgical parathyroidectomy. NDT Plus 1: iii39-iii41 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hunley, T. E., Kon, V., Jabs, K. (2008). Myocardial Infarction in Chronic Kidney Disease. Pediatrics 122: 223-224 [Full Text]  
• How, P. P., Mason, D. L., Lau, A. H. (2008). Current Approaches in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral and Bone Disorder. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 21: 196-213 [Abstract]  
• Raggi, P., Kleerekoper, M. (2008). Contribution of Bone and Mineral Abnormalities to Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. CJASN 3: 836-843 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yamada, K., Fujimoto, S. (2008). Reply. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 1457-1458 [Full Text]  
• Ix, J. H., Katz, R., Kestenbaum, B., Fried, L. F., Kramer, H., Stehman-Breen, C., Shlipak, M. G. (2008). Association of Mild to Moderate Kidney Dysfunction and Coronary Calcification. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19: 579-585 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bolland, M. J, Barber, P A., Doughty, R. N, Mason, B., Horne, A., Ames, R., Gamble, G. D, Grey, A., Reid, I. R (2008). Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 336: 262-266 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Winzenberg, T., Jones, G. (2008). Recommended Calcium Intakes in Children: Have We Set the Bar Too High?. IBMS BoneKEy 5: 59-68 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Toussaint, N. D., Lau, K. K., Strauss, B. J., Polkinghorne, K. R., Kerr, P. G. (2008). Associations between vascular calcification, arterial stiffness and bone mineral density in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 586-593 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arcidiacono, M. V., Sato, T., Alvarez-Hernandez, D., Yang, J., Tokumoto, M., Gonzalez-Suarez, I., Lu, Y., Tominaga, Y., Cannata-Andia, J., Slatopolsky, E., Dusso, A. S. (2008). EGFR Activation Increases Parathyroid Hyperplasia and Calcitriol Resistance in Kidney Disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19: 310-320 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Phan, O., Ivanovski, O., Nikolov, I. G., Joki, N., Maizel, J., Louvet, L., Chasseraud, M., Nguyen-Khoa, T., Lacour, B., Drueke, T. B., Massy, Z. A. (2008). Effect of oral calcium carbonate on aortic calcification in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 82-90 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eller, P., Hochegger, K., Feuchtner, G. M., Zitt, E., Tancevski, I., Ritsch, A., Kronenberg, F., Rosenkranz, A. R., Patsch, J. R., Mayer, G. (2008). Impact of ENPP1 genotype on arterial calcification in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 321-327 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tomasello, S. (2008). Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Chronic Kidney Disease. Diabetes Spectr. 21: 19-25 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Caglar, K., Yilmaz, M. I., Saglam, M., Cakir, E., Acikel, C., Eyileten, T., Yenicesu, M., Oguz, Y., Vural, A., Carrero, J. J., Axelsson, J., Lindholm, B., Stenvinkel, P. (2008). Short-Term Treatment with Sevelamer Increases Serum Fetuin-A Concentration and Improves Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 4 Patients. CJASN 3: 61-68 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kovesdy, C. P., Mehrotra, R., Kalantar-Zadeh, K. (2008). Battleground: Chronic Kidney Disorders Mineral and Bone Disease Calcium Obsession, Vitamin D, and Binder Confusion. CJASN 3: 168-173 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Andress, D. L. (2008). Bone and Mineral Guidelines for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Call for Revision. CJASN 3: 179-183 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cannata-Andia, J. B., Carrera, F. (2008). The Pathophysiology of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and the Consequences of Uncontrolled Mineral Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease: The Role of COSMOS. NDT Plus 1: i2-i6 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bushinsky, D. A., Messa, P. (2008). Efficacy of Early Treatment with Calcimimetics in Combination with Reduced Doses of Vitamin D Sterols in Dialysis Patients. NDT Plus 1: i18-i23 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Francisco, A. L. M., Carrera, F. (2008). A New Paradigm for the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. NDT Plus 1: i24-i28 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cunningham, J., Floege, J., London, G., Rodriguez, M., Shanahan, C. M. (2008). Clinical Outcomes in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and the Potential Role of Calcimimetics. NDT Plus 1: i29-i35 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chonchol, M., Wuthrich, R. P. (2008). Potential Future Uses of Calcimimetics in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. NDT Plus 1: i36-i41 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ravani, P., Parfrey, P. S., Curtis, B., Barrett, B. J. (2007). Clinical research of kidney diseases 1: researchable questions and valid answers. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 3681-3690 [Full Text]  
• Bos, M. J., Koudstaal, P. J., Hofman, A., Breteler, M. M.B. (2007). Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate Is a Risk Factor for Hemorrhagic But Not for Ischemic Stroke: The Rotterdam Study. Stroke 38: 3127-3132 [Abstract] [Full Text]